Co-reporter:Chang Su;Huihui He;Lihuan Xu;Kai Zhao;Chuncui Zheng
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017 vol. 5(Issue 6) pp:2701-2709
Publication Date(Web):2017/02/07
DOI:10.1039/C6TA10127E
A novel mesoporous conjugated polymer-poly(4,4′,4′′-tris(N,N-diphenyl-amino)triphenylamine) (PTDATA), which was one of the polytriphenylamine derivatives with high free radical density, has firstly been prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. Compared to polytriphenylamine (PTPA) with aggregated morphology and relatively low surface area (5.6 m2 g−1), PTDATA exhibited a nanofiber-packed mesoporous structure with an obviously improved surface area of 560.58 m2 g−1. When explored as the cathode material for organic free radical batteries, PTDATA showed a well-defined multistage discharge voltage plateau and an improved capacity of 133.1 mA h g−1, which was equal to 92.8% of its theoretical capacity (143.5 mA h g−1). Also, PTDATA exhibited an enhanced rate performance of 125.4, 114.1, 97.5 and 90.9 mA h g−1 with a 10 times increase of the current density from 50 to 500 mA h g−1, respectively. The excellent electrochemical performances of the PTDATA electrode were due to its special chemical structure of high free radical density and its high specific surface caused by the nanofiber-packed mesoporous morphology, which made PTDATA a good potential candidate as the organic cathode material for high-performance organic lithium secondary batteries.
Co-reporter:Xiaojing Lv;Weijun Li;Mi Ouyang;Yujian Zhang;Dominic S. Wright
Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2017 vol. 5(Issue 1) pp:12-28
Publication Date(Web):2016/12/22
DOI:10.1039/C6TC04002K
Conjugated polymers with various electron-donor (D) and -acceptor (A) structures have been an important focus in the field of electrochromic (EC) research. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in the context of the design and synthesis of D–A type conjugated polymers. Most studies have investigated tunable band gap and color changes by introducing appropriate D and A units. However, D–A polymers with specific D units containing A units in the backbone or side chain possess varied ionization potentials, electron affinities and conjugation effects, leading to diverse electrochemical, optical-physical and EC properties. In addition, some innovative D–A structural polymers, such as cruciform and dendritic structures, present superior EC properties as well as multifunctional performance. In this review, our main focus will be placed on summarizing the characteristics of polymeric EC materials with various donor–acceptor structures. The overarching aim is to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between the D–A structure and the EC properties, especially color characteristics, and to provide some suggestions for the design of novel multifunctional D–A polymers for the future.
Co-reporter:Weijun Li;Shizhao Wang;Yujian Zhang;Yu Gao;Yujie Dong;Xiang Zhang;Qingbao Song;Bing Yang;Yuguang Ma
Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2017 vol. 5(Issue 32) pp:8097-8104
Publication Date(Web):2017/08/17
DOI:10.1039/C7TC02474F
Highly efficient luminescent E-/Z-isomers based on double bonds with stable E/Z configurations in the excited state under photoirradiated conditions are of great significance to organic photochemistry and photoelectronics. Herein we report the highly efficient luminescent E-/Z-isomers of a donor–acceptor triphenylamine–cyanostilbene molecule, TPNCF, which were synthesized simultaneously via a Knoevenagel reaction, with their E/Z configurations confirmed by the obtained single crystal structure. The NMR spectra showed that both E-TPNCF and Z-TPNCF maintained their stable E/Z configurations in DMSO-d6 solvent and films under photoirradiation conditions. The in situ UV spectra in different polar solvents showed that polarity played a positive role in stabilizing the E/Z isomers in their configurations. PL solvatochromism experiment and theoretical calculation results indicated that the S1 state has charge-transfer (CT) character in both E-TPNCF and Z-TPNCF. As the solvent polarity increased, the energy of the S1 state gradually decreased, and the E/Z isomerization reaction at the higher energy S2 state was effectively suppressed by a rapid internal conversion process from the S2 to the S1 state. This was supposed to be the main reason for the observed stable E-/Z-isomers under photoirradiated conditions. Photophysical investigations demonstrated that both E-TPNCF and Z-TPNCF exhibited an obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) with high fluorescence quantum efficiencies of 70% and 50% in films respectively. Further research revealed that the AIE phenomenon in the TPNCF molecules was mainly dominated by their CT excited state characteristic but not the E/Z isomerization or the restricted intramolecular rotation effect. Our work will contribute considerably to the basic photochemistry studies on E/Z isomerization reactions and the material design of stable E/Z isomers for organic photo-electronic applications.
Co-reporter:Yuyu Dai, Weijun Li, Xingxing Qu, Jin Liu, Shuanma Yan, Mi Ouyang, Xiaojing Lv, Cheng Zhang
Electrochimica Acta 2017 Volume 229(Volume 229) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 March 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.156
•A novel dithienylpyrrole derivative was designed and synthesized.•The pTPhSNS and pTPhSNS-EDOT polymers by eletrochemical polymerization possess similar cross-linked structure.•The introduction of EDOT into TPhSNS by copolymerization maybe help to form the expected cross-linked polymer structure with excellent electrochromic properties.•Both pTPhSNS homopolymer and pTPhSNS-EDOT copolymers exhibit the electrochromic color memory behavior with excellent color stability at the oxidative state.A new dithienylpyrrole derivative, namely terphenyl bridged-di[2,5-di (2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole] (TPhSNS), was designed and synthesized, then it was further prepared into cross-linked polymer (pTPhSNS) or copolymer (pTPhSNS-EDOT) with 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) via electrochemical polymerization. The cyclic voltammetry curves show that both the obtained pTPhSNS polymer and pTPhSNS-EDOT copolymer possess the excellent reversible oxidative properties. The UV–vis absorption spectra of pTPhSNS-EDOT at neutral state exhibits the similar character to pTPhSNS with very little redshift observed. After being applied at the positive voltage, the pTPhSNS-EDOT copolymers present a grey-blue color at the oxidation state, which is also close to the grey color of pTPhSNS (oxidized). Surprisingly, the pTPhSNS-EDOT copolymers exhibit the faster coloring time of 0.58 s and discoloring time of 0.38 s (at 1100 nm) compared with the pTPhSNS homopolymer films. Besides, the copolymers present a reasonable optical contrast of 40% (1100 nm). These results indicate that the introduction of EDOT into TPhSNS by copolymerization maybe help to form the expected cross-linked polymer structure with excellent electrochromic properties. Interestingly, both pTPhSNS and pTPhSNS-EDOT films present the electrochromic color memory behavior with excellent color stability at the oxidative state. The excellent electrochromic properties and color memory behavior enable TPhSNS with great potential applications in electrochromic area.
Co-reporter:Gao-Feng Bian;Yun Guo;Xiao-Jing Lv
Journal of Fluorescence 2017 Volume 27( Issue 1) pp:235-242
Publication Date(Web):18 October 2016
DOI:10.1007/s10895-016-1950-9
The preparation and the photophysical behaviour of two benzoxazinone derivatives isomers 2-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-4H-benzo[e][1, 3]oxazin-4-one(1) and 2-(3-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-4H-benzo[e][1, 3]oxazin-4-one(2) designed for displaying were reported. The effect of substituent position and solvent effect on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) dynamics and the spectroscopic properties were investigated using a combined theoretical (i.e., time-dependent density function theory (DFT)) and experimental (i.e., steady-state absorption and emission spectra and time-resolved fluorescence spectra) study. The results showed that compound 1 would facilitate ESIPT process and favored the keto tautomer emission, while compound 2 suppressed the ESIPT process and favored the enol emission.
Co-reporter:Weishi Du, Yaokang Lv, Hongliang Lu, Zaihua Chen, ... Cheng Zhang
Chinese Chemical Letters 2017 Volume 28, Issue 12(Volume 28, Issue 12) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2017.10.031
We demonstrate an efficient and cost-effective strategy to improve electrochemical properties of AC based electrode materials. A series of graphene oxide (GO)-modified activated carbon (AC) composites (GO@ACs) have been prepared as electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). In GO@ACs, AC particles anchored on the surface of GO sheets which were synchronously reduced during charge/discharge process, and formed a 3D-conductive network. Electrochemical analyses revealed that 2.5 wt% GO@AC, which exhibited improved electrical conductivity and high specific capacitance at large current density in organic electrolyte, is a promising electrode material for high-performance SCs. At 6 A/g, the specific capacitance of 2.5 wt% GO@AC increased by 249.5% in comparison with that of AC.Download high-res image (259KB)Download full-size imageAn efficient and cost-effective strategy to modificate the surface of active carbon (AC), form a 3D-conductive network, and therefore improve the electrochemical performance of AC based supercapacitor was developed.
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Xiaogang Zhu, Lihuang Xu, Ningning Zhou, Huihui He, Cheng Zhang
Electrochimica Acta 2016 Volume 196() pp:440-449
Publication Date(Web):1 April 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.169
In this work, the triphenylamine derivatives with the different electron donating/with-drawing groups, such as 4-(diphenylamino)benzonitrile (TPA-CN), 4-methyltriphenylamine (TPA-CH3) and 4-methoxytriphenylamine (TPA-OCH3) were successfully synthesized, and the corresponding polymers were then prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology and charge-discharge performance of the prepared polymers as the cathodes were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cycling voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge-diacharge testing, respectively. The results showed that the different electronic effect groups affected obviously the redox potential of polytriphenylamine, in which the electron with-drawing group improved the potential plateaus of the polytriphenylamine, while the electron donating groups generally led to the opposite results. And specially, the introduction of CN group as the electron with-drawing group into polytriphenyamine obviously improved the potential plateaus of the lithium ion battery from 3.6 V of PTPAn to 3.8 V of PTPA-CN. The explored work would provide a valuable reference for preparing the organic cathode materials with the high redox potential by the molecular design method.
Co-reporter:Mi Ouyang, Lingling Zhan, Xiaojing Lv, Feng Cao, Weijun Li, Yujian Zhang, Kunyan Wang and Cheng Zhang
RSC Advances 2016 vol. 6(Issue 2) pp:1188-1193
Publication Date(Web):09 Dec 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA21218A
A novel diphenylacrylonitrile derivative (Z)-3-(4′-(diphenylamino)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-acrylonitrile (β-CN-TPA) containing a twisted triphenylamine and diphenylacetonitrile was synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation and Suzuki coupling reactions. These molecules exhibited aggregation enhanced emission (AIE) effects. Interestingly, their mechano-fluorochromic properties were invisible upon grinding with a pestle. However, when hydrostatic pressure in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) was applied on the crystals of β-CN-TPA, the distinct piezochromic behaviors of the compound were observed. The fluorescence color changed from light green (530 nm) to red (665 nm) with a significant red-shift of 135 nm. The powder X-ray diffraction and high-pressure Raman studies indicated that the as-synthesized and ground samples had the same crystalline structures, while the compressed samples had an evident change in inter-molecular interactions. Comparative tests and theoretical analysis further confirmed that the distinct fluorescence behaviors of the desired dye during the different stress conditions were associated with the various inter-molecular interactions that existed with adjacent molecules.
Co-reporter:Gao-Feng Bian, Yun Guo, Xiao-Jing Lv, Cheng Zhang
Journal of Molecular Structure 2016 Volume 1111() pp:1-8
Publication Date(Web):5 May 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.029
•A fluorescence “turn-on” sensor can selectively detect two metal ions simultaneously was designed and synthesized.•Upon the addition of metal ions, the fluorescence intensity increased remarkably.•The enhanced fluorescence was probably attributed to the formation of a 1:1 complex.A triazole derivative containing trifluoromethyl and diphenol unit was synthesized as a fluorescent ‘turn-on’ chemosensor for Al3+ and Zn2+ ions with high sensitivity, a rapid response time and specific selectivity over other cations.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Qingbao Song, Kai Wang, Wengang Mao, Feng Cao, Jingwei Sun, Lingling Zhan, Yaokang Lv, Yuguang Ma, Bo Zou and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015 vol. 3(Issue 13) pp:3049-3054
Publication Date(Web):06 Feb 2015
DOI:10.1039/C4TC02826K
For piezo-, vapo-, and thermochromic materials, it remains a challenge to figure out the underlying reason for fluorescence color changes upon external stimulation and determine why only some fluorophores reveal emission switching. A novel triphenylacrylonitrile derivative (TPAN-MeO) with remarkably twisted conformations has been carefully prepared via the Suzuki coupling reaction. The fluorescence of TPAN-MeO in the aggregate state depends on the polymorphic forms: three crystalline forms BCrys, SCrys and YCrys exhibit bright blue, sky-blue and yellow emission, respectively; meanwhile the amorphous powders are also strongly fluorescent with green emission. The crystals BCrys and SCrys exhibit mechano- and piezochromism in that grinding and high pressure could alter the emission colour, respectively. In addition, the amorphous film exhibits vapo- and thermochromic behaviour in that organic vapour and heating could change the green colour into sky-blue. Interestingly, the solvent vapour and heating stimuli can trigger a crystal-to-crystal transformation between SCrys form and YCrys form.
Co-reporter:Jingwei Sun, Yuyu Dai, Mi Ouyang, Yujian Zhang, Lingling Zhan and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015 vol. 3(Issue 14) pp:3356-3363
Publication Date(Web):13 Feb 2015
DOI:10.1039/C4TC02046D
A series of unprecedented bifunctional materials response to both mechanical and electrical stimuli have been developed with torsional cruciform π-architectures composed of donor and acceptor axes. These cross-conjugated geometries possess spatially separated HOMO and LUMO located on the donor and acceptor axis, respectively. A unique charge transfer (CT) process from one axis to the other in the excited state is evidenced by theoretical calculations and spectral analysis. This unusual electronic nature along with the conformational flexibility of compounds is found to be significant for their effective mechanochromic (MC) and electrochromic (EC) performances. Through changing substituents on one bar, systematic and comparative studies have been carried out to explore the structural impacts on the MC and EC properties. Based on the structure–property relationships, remarkable MC materials with emission shifts above 70 nm and excellent EC materials with high optical contrast (70%) and fast response time (0.59 s for fading, 1.44 s for colouring) are obtained. Besides, an effective method for selectively modulating the LUMO energy level as well as bandgap is also attained.
Co-reporter:Qingbao Song, Yongsheng Wang, Chenchen Hu, Yujian Zhang, Jingwei Sun, Kunyan Wang and Cheng Zhang
New Journal of Chemistry 2015 vol. 39(Issue 1) pp:659-663
Publication Date(Web):30 Oct 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4NJ01492H
Three structurally simple 3-aryl-2-cyano acrylamide derivatives, 2-cyano-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenamide (1), 2-cyano-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenamide (2) and 2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenamide (3) were synthesized. They exhibited different optical properties due to their distinct face-to-face stacking mode. The as-prepared crystals of 1 exhibited green luminescence and the emission peak did not change after grinding treatment. However, the emission peaks of 2 (Φf = 12%) and 3 (Φf = 16%) exhibited an obvious red-shift upon grinding, and their corresponding quantum yields decreased to 8% and 10%, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry data indicated that the optical properties of 2 and 3 could be attributed to the transformation from the crystalline phase to the amorphous phase. X-ray crystal structures, infrared spectroscopy and data from fluorescence lifetime experiments further validated the relationship between fluorescence switching, stacking mode and molecular interactions.
Co-reporter:Mi Ouyang, Yuan Yang, Xiaojing Lv, Yangang Han, Senbiao Huang, Yuyu Dai, Chang Su, Yaokang Lv, Masao Sumita and Cheng Zhang
New Journal of Chemistry 2015 vol. 39(Issue 7) pp:5329-5335
Publication Date(Web):05 May 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5NJ00703H
The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4) functionalized ITO substrate was successfully prepared via a solution immersion method and then incorporated with poly(4,4′,4′′-tris[4-(2-bithienyl)phenyl]amine) (PTBTPA) to form the PTBTPA–[BMIM]BF4 film by electrochemical polymerization, which presents reversible multicolor changes from orange, olive green to dark gray. Interestingly, compared with the bleaching time (tb) and the coloring time (tc) of the pure PTBTPA film (1.76 s and 4.51 s) at 1100 nm, the PTBTPA–[BMIM]BF4 film exhibits shorter tb and tc (0.87 s and 2.90 s) at the same wavelength. Obviously, the switching speed of the PTBTPA–[BMIM]BF4 film has been improved significantly, and it is further supported by the electrochemical impedance spectra which demonstrate that the PTBTPA–[BMIM]BF4 film possesses much lower charge transfer resistance. The reduction of charge transfer resistance could be attributed to (1) the private channel provided by the ionic liquid [BMIM]BF4 as a linker between the polymer and the electrode; (2) the ability of the simultaneous doping and dedoping of ClO4− in the electrolyte and BF4− ions of the ionic liquid. Moreover, the cyclic stability studies reveal that the PTBTPA–[BMIM]BF4 film exhibits better durability and retains 70.4% of its original electroactivity after 500 cycles in ionic liquid solution. The results demonstrate that the electrochemical and the electrochromic performances could be significantly enhanced through incorporating PTBTPA with the ionic liquid ([BMIM]BF4).
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Lvlv Ji, Lihuan Xu, Xiaogang Zhu, Huihui He, Yaokang Lv, Mi Ouyang and Cheng Zhang
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 18) pp:14053-14060
Publication Date(Web):08 Jan 2015
DOI:10.1039/C4RA12476F
A novel ferrocene-containing aniline, 6-(2-amino-phenol-9H-yl)-hexyl ferrocenecarboxylate (AnFc) was synthesized via the hydrogenation of 6-(2-nitro-phenol-9H-yl)-hexyl ferrocenecarboxylate (NPFc). Then, the homopolymer of AnFc (PAnFc), copolymers of aniline and AnFc (P(An-co-AnFc)), and polyaniline (PAn) were prepared using a chemical oxidative polymerization process. The structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the prepared polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The results demonstrated that the AnFc functionalized monomer and the corresponding polymer derivatives have been synthesized successfully, and the introduction of the novel functionalized ferrocene-based aniline obviously affected the spectral characteristic, morphology and electrochemical characteristics of the electro-active polymers obtained, as well as its charge migration along the polymer backbone. In addition, the charge–discharge tests showed that P(An-co-AnFc) improved the discharge plateau in the potential range of about 3.0–4.0 V and with an acceptable initial discharge specific capacity of 104.9 mA h g−1 for P(An-co-AnFc) (5:1 ([An]/[AnFc])) (compared with 108.2 mA h g−1 for PAn). Furthermore, P(An-co-AnFc) exhibited an even more improved cycling stability than that of PAn, and after 30 cycles the discharge capacity of P(An-co-AnFc) (3:1 ([An]/[AnFc])) still maintained 76.3% of the capacity obtained during the initial cycle.
Co-reporter:Dr. Yujian Zhang;Dr. Kai Wang;Guilin Zhuang; Zengqi Xie; Cheng Zhang; Feng Cao; Guoxiang Pan;Haifeng Chen; Bo Zou; Yuguang Ma
Chemistry - A European Journal 2015 Volume 21( Issue 6) pp:2474-2479
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201405348
Abstract
A donor–acceptor-type fluorophore containing a twisted diphenylacrylonitrile and triphenylamine has been developed by using the Suzuki reaction. The system indicates typical intramolecular charge-transfer properties. Upon mechanical grinding or hydrostatic pressure, the fluorophore reveals a multicolored fluorescence switching. Interestingly, a fluorescence color transition from green to red was clearly observed, and the change of photoluminescent (PL) wavelength gets close to 111 nm. The mechanisms of high-contrast mechanochromic behavior are fully investigated by techniques including powder XRD, PL lifetime, high-pressure PL lifetime, and Raman spectra analysis. The tremendous PL wavelength shift is attributed to gradual transition of excited states from the local excited state to the charge-transfer state.
Co-reporter:Chang Su;Fang Yang; Lihuang Xu;Xiaogang Zhu;Huihui He; Cheng Zhang
ChemPlusChem 2015 Volume 80( Issue 3) pp:606-611
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/cplu.201402268
Abstract
A novel radical monomer containing triphenylamine and the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxy (TEMPO) radical has been synthesized. The corresponding linear homopolymer of 4-carboxy-N,N-diphenylaniline-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy (PTPA-TEMPO) was then prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. The chemical structure and electrochemical properties of the prepared polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge testing by the simulated lithium-ion half-cell method. The results demonstrated that the as-synthesized functional polymers exhibited an initial discharge capacity of up to 140 mAh g−1 with two well-defined plateaus at the potential of 3.8 and 2.7 V versus Li/Li+. Furthermore, the PTPA-TEMPO electrode showed superior cycling and rate performances. The improved electrochemical performances were attributed to the construction of the novel linear radical molecular structure with PTPA as the conductive polymer backbone, which improved the long-range charge-carrier transportation and facilitated the Li+-ion insertion–extraction process in the aggregated polymer bulk during the charge–discharge process.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Jingwei Sun, Guilin Zhuang, Mi Ouyang, Zhenwei Yu, Feng Cao, Guoxiang Pan, Peisong Tang, Cheng Zhang and Yuguang Ma
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 vol. 2(Issue 1) pp:195-200
Publication Date(Web):17 Oct 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3TC31416B
A triphenylamine-based organic luminophor (TPA-CO) with a highly distorted structure has been designed and effortlessly obtained by an Ullmann reaction. The luminophor exhibits a stimuli-induced emission enhancement effect and intramolecular charge transfer properties. The fluorescence efficiency of its crystals is dramatically increased from 0.4% to 12.3% upon grinding. The emission enhancement is also realized by a heating process. The “bright” state can recover its original state and turn “dark”. The luminescence “on–off” behaviour is repeatedly transformed by a grinding–vapour process or by a heating process. The XRD patterns of the “bright” and “dark” states show that the change of emission intensity is related to the reversible transition between the crystalline state and the metastable amorphous state. At the molecular level, the emission enhancement upon external stimuli may be attributed to conformational planarization and weak intermolecular interactions.
Co-reporter:Jingwei Sun, Xiaojing Lv, Pingjing Wang, Yujian Zhang, Yuyu Dai, Qichao Wu, Mi Ouyang and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 vol. 2(Issue 27) pp:5365-5371
Publication Date(Web):30 Apr 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4TC00516C
A donor–acceptor (D–A) cruciform conjugated luminophore DMCS-TPA was designed and synthesized. The DMCS-TPA solid shows both aggregation induced emission (AIE) effect and high contrast mechanochromic (MC) behavior with a remarkable spectral shift of 87 nm. The obvious fluorescence switching from yellowish green to orange can be realized by pressing at only 10 MPa or simply grinding. The photophysical properties, theory calculation and XPS results demonstrate that the extension of the conjugation length and subsequent enhancement of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition are responsible for the improved MC performance. In addition, DMCS-TPA is readily deposited on the ITO electrode surface by the electrochemical method to form an electrochromic (EC) film with multiple colours showing (light green at 0 V, red at 1 V, grey at 1.1 V and blue at 1.45 V) and a high optical contrast of 65% at 769 nm. The results suggest that incorporation of electroactive moieties into luminophores to constitute D–A cruciform conjugated structures is a promising design strategy for preparing dual functional materials combining MC and EC properties.
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Fang Yang, Lvlv Ji, Lihuan Xu and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 vol. 2(Issue 47) pp:20083-20088
Publication Date(Web):18 Aug 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4TA03413A
Polytriphenylamine derivative, poly[N,N,N,N-tetraphenylphenylenediamine] (PDDP), with a high free radical density, has been synthesized and studied as a cathode material for organic free radical batteries for the first time. The chemical structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the prepared polymers were characterized by Raman spectra (RS), electron spin resonance (ESR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), respectively. In addition, the charge–discharge properties of the prepared polymers were studied by galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. Compared to polytriphenylamine (PTPA), the fabricated lithium ion half-cells based on PDDP as the cathode exhibited two well-defined plateaus at two discharge voltages of 3.8 and 3.3 V vs. Li/Li+ and an improved capacity of 129.1 mA h g−1, which was very close to its theoretical capacity (130 mA h g−1). The excellent electrochemical performances of the PDDP electrode were due to its stable chemical structure and high free radical density, which makes the PDDP a promising free radical cathode material for organic lithium secondary batteries.
Co-reporter:Xiaojing Lv, Jingwei Sun, Pingjing Wang, Qichao Wu, Mi Ouyang, Senbiao Huang, Yuan Yang and Cheng Zhang
New Journal of Chemistry 2014 vol. 38(Issue 6) pp:2400-2406
Publication Date(Web):14 Mar 2014
DOI:10.1039/C3NJ01407J
A core–shell composite of porous ZnO nanosheets and a multichromic conducting polymer poly(4,4′,4′′-tris[4-(2-bithienyl)pheny]amine) (PTBTPA) was prepared by electrodeposition combined with the electropolymerization method. The composite film exhibits noticeable electrochromism with reversible color changes from orange, olive green to dark gray. An optical contrast of 68.7% and a switching time of 0.96 s are obtained for the composite film, better than that of the pure PTBTPA film, 51.8% and 1.95 s. The cyclic stability studies reveal that the composite film exhibits much more enhanced durability and retains 70% of the electroactivity even after 1000 cycles. However, the pure PTBTPA film loses almost most of its electroactivity after 1000 cycles. The core–shell composite structure is believed to be responsible for the observed enhanced electrochromic performance. On one hand, porous ZnO nanosheets with loose inner space can facilitate the penetration of counterions into the polymer film and shorten the diffusion distance, resulting in the higher optical contrast and faster switching speed; on the other hand, the larger contact area can enhance the adhesion between the polymer and the ITO electrode, contributing to better electrochemical stability.
Co-reporter:Chang Su;Dezhen Zong;Lihuan Xu
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2014 Volume 131( Issue 9) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.40217
Abstract
In this article, semi-interpenetrating polymer network (Semi-IPNs) based on nitrile rubber (NBR) and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) (P(MMA-BA)) were synthesized. The structure and damping properties of the prepared Semi-IPNs blends were characterized and by fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), and tensile mechanical properties. The results showed that interpenetrating network based on P(MMA-BA) and NBR was successfully obtained, which showed the improved thermal stability compared to NBR/P(MMA-BA)-based two-roll mill blends. Furthermore, Semi-IPNs showed significantly better the dynamic mechanical properties than that of the two-roll mill system. With the increasing feed ratio of BA and MMA during the preparation of Semi-IPNs, the loss peak position for P(MMA-BA) in NBR/PMMA IPNs shifted to a lower temperature from 20°C to −17°C, and when NBR in Semi-IPNs was accounted for 40 wt %, the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that much more advanced damping material with wider temperature range (−30°C < T < 80°C) as tan δ > 0.45 can be achieved. Therefore, it was expected as a promising way to obtain the excellent damping materials with good oil-resisted properties according the Semi-IPNs system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40217.
Co-reporter:Qingbao Song, Kang Chen, Jingwei Sun, Yongsheng Wang, Mi Ouyang, Cheng Zhang
Tetrahedron Letters 2014 Volume 55(Issue 20) pp:3200-3205
Publication Date(Web):14 May 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.024
Two structural-simple 3-aryl-2-cyano acrylamide derivatives (CDPA-E and CDPA-P) were synthesized and characterized by NMR, MS, IR, and single crystal. It was found that both of them exhibited obvious piezofluorochromic properties. The as-prepared yellow-green compounds were both converted to orange-red after grinding with a spatula. All the ground samples can be recovered to its original color by heating at 80 °C over 5 min or fuming with solvents like DCM, ethanol, ethyl acetate etc. The changes in fluorescence color can be attributed to the phase transition between crystalline (order) state and amorphous (disorder) state according to the Powder XRD spectrum. At the molecular level, the extension of the conjugation length and the formation of excimers are confirmed to account for the color transition of CDPA-P and CDPA-E, respectively. In addition, CDPA-P exhibited AIE activity which was caused by the restricted rotation of the molecules in the crystal state.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Guilin Zhuang, Mi Ouyang, Bin Hu, Qingbao Song, Jingwei Sun, Cheng Zhang, Cheng Gu, Yuanxiang Xu, Yuguang Ma
Dyes and Pigments 2013 Volume 98(Issue 3) pp:486-492
Publication Date(Web):September 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.03.017
•TPA-CNa presents higher fluorescence quantum efficiency and more extended planarity than TPA-CNb.•TPA-CNa exhibits multi-stimuli-responsive fluorescence switching behaviours.•The weak intermolecular interaction may induce mechanochromic fluorescence.Two isomers (TPA-CNa and TPA-CNb) consisting of twisted triphenylamine and cyanostilbene were synthetized by Knoevenagel condensation and C–N coupling reaction. The fluorescent colours of two isomers in crystalline state were sky-blue for TPA-CNa and green for TPA-CNb with quantum yields (Φf) of 44.9% and 7.7%, respectively. The single crystal X-ray diffractometry revealed the fully different molecular conformations and packing modes of TPA-CNa (planar) and TPA-CNb (twisting), which might be the reason for different Φf. The reversible mechanochromic and thermochromic fluorescence switching was observed in crystalline TPA-CNa powders. The sky-blue crystals were changed into the green-emissive solids after grinding, and they recovered their original state upon heating at 60 °C over 2 min. The reversible conversion of fluorescence colour was also realized by a pure thermal process. Powder X-ray diffractometry clearly demonstrated that the mechanochromic and thermochromic behaviour could be attributed to the crystal-to-amorphisation phase transition.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Jingwei Sun, Xiaojing Lv, Mi Ouyang, Feng Cao, Guoxiang Pan, Luping Pan, Guangbo Fan, Weiwei Yu, Chao He, Sishi Zheng, Feng Zhang, Wei Wang and Cheng Zhang
CrystEngComm 2013 vol. 15(Issue 44) pp:8998-9002
Publication Date(Web):10 Sep 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3CE41221K
A cyanostilbene-based derivative with aggregation induced-emission was obtained, which exhibited multi-luminescent intensity under external stimuli. The as-prepared crystals of the desired dye showed a rather faint luminescence. Upon heating, its fluorescence could be turned on with the quantum yields of 13.3%. The quantum yields of the melted and solidified powders were further increased to 28.6%. Powder X-ray diffractometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime experiments and single crystal XRD analyses were applied to investigate the changes of molecular packing modes. Such a transformation of fluorescence “dark”–“bright”, easily distinguished by naked eye, was related to the phase transition. The planar cyanostilbene with H-type packing and multiple mutable interactions may be the essential factor for the multi-luminescent intensity properties.
Co-reporter:Bin Hu, Yujian Zhang, Xiaojing Lv, Mi Ouyang, Zhiyan Fu, Cheng Zhang
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2013 Volume 689() pp:291-296
Publication Date(Web):15 January 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.10.005
Two new electrochromic materials consisting of carbazole and phenyl-methanone units, 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-phenyl-methanone (CPM) and 4-(3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-phenyl-methanone (TCPM), were synthesized and characterized. Both the compounds show well-defined oxidation and reduction processes. Spectroelectrochemical analysis reveals that their polymers display reasonable optical contrast (25%, 41%) and fast switching time (3 s, 2 s). Cyclic voltammogram study confirms that the polymer with the existence of thiophene units is more stable in electrochemical environment.Graphical abstractHighlights► Two novel compounds, CPM and TCPM, were synthesized successfully, and their polymers were obtained by electrochemical method. ► The PCPM film showed reasonable optical contrast and two colors under different potentials. ► The PTCPM film not only displayed good optical contrast and different colors, but also possessed better stability.
Co-reporter:Bin Hu, Xiaojing Lv, Jingwei Sun, Gaofeng Bian, Mi Ouyang, Zhiyan Fu, Pingjing Wang, Cheng Zhang
Organic Electronics 2013 Volume 14(Issue 6) pp:1521-1530
Publication Date(Web):June 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2013.03.024
•ETCB and NDTC were synthesized. And their polymers were obtained by electropolymerization.•Both the polymer films showed well-defined oxidation and reduction process.•The PETCB and PNDTC films showed reasonable optical contrast and two colors under different potentials.•The copolymer film based on ETCB and EDOT could display five colors and higher optical contrast.Two novel donor–acceptor type monomers, ethyl 4-(3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-9-yl)-benzoate (ETCB) and 9-(4-nitrophenyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (NDTC), were synthesized and characterized. Both the monomers show good electrochemical activity. UV–vis absorption studies reveal that the spectra of them are obviously different due to the introduction of the acceptor groups with different polarity, and the compound with –NO2 group has lower band gap. Fluorescent spectral studies indicate that the solution of ETCB in DCM exhibits sky-blue emission, while the NDTC hardly displays the fluorescence because of stronger intramolecular charge transfer. Their polymers can be synthesized by electropolymerization, and both the films show well-defined oxidation and reduction process. Spectroelectrochemical analysis reveals that PETCB film displays the color change from yellow–green (neutral) to blue–purple (oxidized), while the color change of PNDTC film is from yellow (neutral) to gray (oxidized). Both the polymer films exhibit reasonable optical contrast and switching time. Moreover, the copolymer based on ETCB and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is also investigated. The copolymer could show five colors change under different applied potentials and higher optical contrast (50% of 1100 nm) and coloration efficiency (356.88 cm2 C−1).Graphical abstract
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Yinpeng Ye, Lihuan Xu and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2012 vol. 22(Issue 42) pp:22658-22662
Publication Date(Web):07 Sep 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2JM34752K
In this work, a novel linear polytriphenylamine derivative was successfully synthesized by the introduction of ferrocene as a terminating group to the triphenylamine moieties. The morphology, structure and charge–discharge performance of the prepared polymer as the cathode were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. The results showed that the introduction of ferrocene to polytriphenylamine obviously improved the specific capacity and rate capability of the resulting PTPAFc cathodes in lithium ion batteries. Under our experimental conditions, the PTPAFc-based electrodes exhibited an initial discharge capacity of up to 100.2 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1 between 2.5 and 4.2 V, while PTPAn-based electrodes only presented 70.3 mA h g−1, comparatively. Also, the PTPAFc cathode specially retained over 89.7% of the initial capacity with a ten times increase of the current from 50 to 500 mA g−1. These improved electrochemical performances were ascribed to the introduction of ferrocene as the termination couple, which makes the PTPAFc main chain as a chainlike molecule structure and benefits from charge carrier transportation in the molecular polymer.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Jingwei Sun, Gaofeng Bian, Yiyi Chen, Mi Ouyang, Bin Hu and Cheng Zhang
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2012 vol. 11(Issue 9) pp:1414-1421
Publication Date(Web):22 Jun 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2PP05404C
Cyanostilbene derivatives with the aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) activity are prepared by Knoevenagel and Suzuki reactions. Among them, the dye (Z)-2,3-bis(4′-(diphenylamino)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)acrylonitrile (CNS-4) nanoparticle suspension shows the polarity-dependent characteristics of the fluorescence properties. By the fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the restriction of transfer from the local excited (LE) state to the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state and crystal formation results in a blue-shift in emission and enhances the intensity in the aggregate state. Additionally, the luminophors CNS-3 and CNS-4 possess the AIEE effect as well as mechanochromic fluorescent properties. This mechanofluorochromic behavior originates from the change between the crystalline and the amorphous state.
Co-reporter:Chang Su;Pan He;Rongjun Yan;Cunbin Zhao
Polymer Composites 2012 Volume 33( Issue 6) pp:860-865
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pc.22221
Abstract
In this paper, a series of composites containing of the oligo-phenol (produced by reacting of 4-methyl-phenol with dicyclopentadiene and isobutylene (MPDI)) as organic fillers, and chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR)/acrylate rubber (AR) as matrix were prepared by melting blending method. The selective distribution phenomenon of organic fillers in the matrix and the damping properties of AR/CIIR/MPDI composites were characterized by DMA, DSC, FT-IR and SEM, respectively. The results showed that MPDI could form hydrogen bond with AR more easily than with CIIR, which resulted in MPDI dispersing preferentially in AR phase in CIIR/AR composites. And the selective dispersion of MPDI caused that the damping temperature range was orientedly broadened towards the high temperature. Specially, with the content of MPDI increased to 10 wt% in AR/CIIR marix, only the Tg of AR in AR/CIIR composites shifted to higher temperature, which reached to 55.2°C, while the Tg and Tll of CIIR in AR/CIIR composites kept almost unchanged. Otherwise, the temperature range of AR/CIIR/MPDI was expanded to 100.2°C with the tan δ > 0.3. Therefore, it was expected as a promising way to orientedly broaden damping temperature range according to the selective distribution of organic additives in binary systems. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Co-reporter:Bin Hu, Yujian Zhang, Xiaojing Lv, Mi Ouyang, Zhiyan Fu, Cheng Zhang
Optical Materials 2012 Volume 34(Issue 9) pp:1529-1534
Publication Date(Web):July 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.optmat.2012.03.017
Copolymer of perylene (PE) with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was electrochemically synthesized and characterized. The resultant copolymer film not only has orange-light emitter property, but also possesses distinct electrochromic properties. It shows four colors at different doped states (from red–brown to light-green). Double potential step chronoamperometry experiment reveals that the copolymer film has high optical contrast (25% at 516 nm, 42% at 1100 nm) and fast switching time (2 s). Cyclic voltammograms indicate that the polymer has reasonable stability because of the existence of EDOT units.Graphical abstractHighlights► Obtained a novel copolymer based on PE and EDOT via electropolymerization. ► The copolymer showed orange-emitter property. ► Possessed distinct color changes between four colors. ► High optical contrast and fast switching time.
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Lihuan Xu, Rong-jun Yan, Meng-qi Chen, Cheng Zhan
Materials Chemistry and Physics 2012 Volume 133(2–3) pp:1034-1039
Publication Date(Web):16 April 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.01.129
Using polycarbonate (PC) as a matrix, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and acid-treated MWNTs (MWNTs-COOH) as fillers, PC/MWNTs and PC/MWNTs-COOH conductive composites were prepared, respectively. The conductive network formation induced by electric field in both the PC/MWNTs and PC/MWNTs-COOH composites were investigated by the dynamic percolation measurement. It was found that the electrical resistivity–time curves showed a certain self-similarity under various electric fields, i.e., the electrical resistivity decreased sharply as the percolation time (tp) was reached. And the dynamic percolation time was shorten with the increase of the electric field intensity for both MWNTs and MWNTs-COOH filled PC composites. However, the percolation time and the formation activation energy of conductive network under electric field for MWNTs filled composites decreased greatly as compared to those of the MWNTs-COOH filled composites. These results indicated that the interaction between MWNTs and PC molecules played an important role in the conductive network formation under the electric field. Furthermore, the tp values under the electric field for PC/MWNTs and PC/MWNTs-COOH composites were successfully predicted by a modified thermodynamic percolation model. And this dynamic percolation measurement method could be recommended to investigate the zero-shear-rate viscosity at the different temperatures.Highlights► The conductive network formation by electric field in both the PC/MWNTs and PC/MWNTs-COOH composites were investigated by the dynamic percolation measurement. ► At the percolation time and the formation activation energy of conductive network for MWNTs filled composites decreased greatly as compared to those of the MWNTs-COOH filled composites. ► The dynamic percolation measurement method could be recommended to investigate the zero-shear-rate viscosity at the different temperatures.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Yanxian Jin, Ru Bai, Zhenwei Yu, Bin Hu, Mi Ouyang, Jingwei Sun, Chunhui Yu, Junlei Liu, Cheng Zhang
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2012 Volume 227(Issue 1) pp:59-64
Publication Date(Web):1 January 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.11.003
Two blue-emitting oligomers, namely FDPA1 and FDPA2 containing 9,10-diphenylanthracene core end-capped with triphenylamine-substituted fluorene has been synthesized and characterized. The spiro-configuration end-capping groups imparts two compounds with pronounced morphological stability (Tg > 185 °C, Td > 420 °C) and excellent hole injection ability (EHOMO > −5.27 eV) with the advantageous optical characteristics of corresponding core. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that the two oligomers form excellent amorphous films and possess good morphological stability after annealing.Highlights► Novel nonplanar oligomers containing DPA core were facilely prepared. ► Possessing good thermal and morphological stabilities. ► Maintaining the high fluorescence quantum yield and wide energy gap of the DPA core. ► Excellent hole-injection and -transporting ability of the resulting materials.
Co-reporter:Mi Ouyang, Genghao Wang, Cheng Zhang
Electrochimica Acta 2011 Volume 56(Issue 12) pp:4645-4649
Publication Date(Web):30 April 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.103
A novel conducting polymer was successfully synthesized via electropolymerization of N1,N4-bis(4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)-N1,N4-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (DPTPA). This polymer film exhibited six various colors under different potentials. Besides, this polymer film showed high optical contrast (41% at 852 nm, 52% at 617 nm) and fast switching time (1.3 s at 410 nm, 1.4 s at 852 nm and 0.6 s at 617 nm). Cyclic voltammogram and electro-optical study showed that the polymer film has a stable and well-defined reversible redox process as well as electrochromic behavior.Graphical abstractHighlights► PDPTPA film possesses six various colors from brown to blue. ► PDPTPA film has fast switching time (1.3 s at 410 nm, 1.4 s at 852 nm and 0.6 s at 617 nm). ► PDPTPA film shows high optical contrast (41% at 852 nm, 52% at 617 nm). ► PDPTPA film exhibits excellent stability.
Co-reporter:Mi Ouyang, Genghao Wang, Yujian Zhang, Cheng Hua, Cheng Zhang
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2011 Volume 653(1–2) pp:21-26
Publication Date(Web):1 April 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.014
Copolymer of 1,4-di(thiophen-3-yl)benzene (DTB) with 3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (EDOT) was electrochemically synthesized and characterized. Resulting copolymer film presents excellent electrochromic properties. At the neutral state, λmax value due to the π–π* transition is found to be 496 nm and energy gap (Eg) is calculated as 1.92 eV. Besides, the copolymer film possesses four various colors (red, yellow, green and blue) under different potentials. Otherwise, the electrochromic switching results show that the copolymer film has fast switching time (0.8 s at 746 nm) and high optical contrast (59% at 1100 nm). Cyclic voltammetry study reveals that the copolymer film has excellent stability.Research highlights► The copolymer film P(DTB-EDOT) possesses four various colors (red, yellow, green and blue), containing all the three primary colors. ► P(DTB-EDOT) has fast switching time (0.8 s at 746 nm). ► P(DTB-EDOT) shows high optical contrast (59% at 1100 nm). ► P(DTB-EDOT) exhibits excellent stability.
Co-reporter:Yu-Jian Zhang, Mi Ouyang, Chun-Hui Yu, Bin Hu, Qian-Ping Lou, Cheng Zhang
Journal of Luminescence 2011 Volume 131(Issue 8) pp:1758-1764
Publication Date(Web):August 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.04.025
A series of fluorene derivatives containing a triphenylamine (TPA) derivative core and two oligofluorene peripheries was effectively synthesized. These compounds are fluorescent and emission color ranges from blue to red. The spiro-skeleton molecular structure leads to excellent glass transition temperatures and weak intermolecular interactions. Simultaneously, novel nonplanar triphenylamine-centered oligofluorenes solve the spectral stability problem and hole-injection issue for fluorene-based materials. The photophysical properties of 6 and 7 are investigated in solvents with different polarities, which reveal the existence of the Charge Transfer (CT) excited-state in these molecules.Highlights► Novel nonplanar oligofluorenes consisting of triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives as the core and oligofluorenes as the peripheries were facilely prepared via CF3SO3H-promoted Friedel-Crafts and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. ► These as-prepared compounds effectively solve the spectral stability problem and hole-injection issue for fluorene-based materials. ► The ability of hole-injection and emission color could be fine tuned by R substituent at the C4 position of TPA.
Co-reporter:Chang Su;Yinpeng Ye;Lihuan Xu
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2011 Volume 212( Issue 22) pp:2487-2492
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/macp.201100380
Abstract
A novel sulfide-containing aniline, 4-amino-dihydrobenzothiophene (ADBT), is synthesized by the alkylbromination of 1,2-dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene. Copolymers of aniline and ADBT, P(An-co-ADBT), are prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization and tested as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. The results show that the copolymerization activity of ADBT is lower than that of aniline. The charge/discharge tests show that the P(An-co-ADBT)-2 gives well-defined and sloping plateaus in the potential rang of 3.0–4.0 V and quite a high capacity of 104.7 mAh g−1. The P(An-co-ADBT)-2 also shows high cycling stability and coulombic efficiency. After 50 cycles, the discharge capacity of the P(An-co-ADBT)-2 still maintains 87.8% of the capacity obtained at the initial cycle.
Co-reporter:Lihuan Xu, Chang Su, Cheng Zhang, Chunan Ma
Synthetic Metals 2011 Volume 161(17–18) pp:1856-1860
Publication Date(Web):September 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2011.06.024
An electrochromic copolymer based on 1,4-bis(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)benzene (BHThBe) and perylene was electrochemically synthesized in dichloromethane (DCM) containing tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) via the direct oxidation of BHThBe/perylene mixtures. The morphology and structure of as-prepared P(BHThBe–perylene) copolymer were characterized by SEM and FT-IR, respectively. The band gap energy (Eg) of P(BHThBe–perylene) in the neutral state was calculated to be 2.03 eV based on the onset of the second π–π* transition. The copolymer exhibited four different colors (brick red, grey brown, grey green, and black blue) during a wide potential ranging from 0.40 to 1.20 V. Tunable electrochromism as well as smooth morphology made this copolymer a great candidate for many applications.
Co-reporter:Cheng Zhang, Cheng Hua, Genghao Wang, Mi Ouyang, Chunan Ma
Electrochimica Acta 2010 Volume 55(Issue 13) pp:4103-4111
Publication Date(Web):1 May 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.086
Copolymer based on (S)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl bis(N-(6-hexanoic acid-1-yl) pyrrole) (BPL) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is electrochemically synthesized and characterized. The comonomers exhibit relatively closer onset oxidation potentials, implying that the electrochemical copolymerization is relatively easy to be achieved. Electrochemical methods, FTIR, 1H NMR and UV–vis analysis confirm that the resulting polymer is a copolymer rather than a blend or a composite of the respective homopolymers. Spectroelectrochemical analysis reveals that the copolymer film has distinct electrochromic properties from that of the BPL homopolymer film and shows six different colors under various potentials. At the neutral state of the copolymer, the π → π* transition absorption peak is located at 535 nm and Eg is calculated as 1.78 eV. The copolymer film shows a maximum optical contrast (ΔT%) of 31% and a switching time of 1.2 s which are higher and faster than those of the homopolymer of BPL (PBPL, 7.8% and 2 s). The new multichromic copolymer is thermally stable up to 345 °C and is electrochemically stable up to 1.39 V. SEM images illustrate that the copolymer film presents a much smoother surface than that of the respective homopolymers.
Co-reporter:Cheng Zhang, Cheng Hua, Genghao Wang, Mi Ouyang, Chunan Ma
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2010 Volume 645(Issue 1) pp:50-57
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.04.009
Copolymer based on 1,4-bis(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)benzene (BHThBe) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is electrochemically synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical methods, FTIR and 1H NMR analyses confirm that the resulting polymer is a copolymer rather than a blend or a composite of the respective homopolymers. Moreover, the spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic properties of the copolymer films are investigated. According to the spectroelectrochemical analyses, the copolymer film reveals distinct electrochromic properties from that of the BHThBe homopolymer film and shows five different colors under various potentials. At the neutral state of the copolymer, the π → π* transition absorption peak is located at 401 nm with a shoulder around 510 nm and the energy gap is calculated as 1.86 eV. The copolymer film shows a maximum optical contrast (ΔT%) of 36% in visible region with a switching time of 1.8 s and of 76% in the near-IR region with a switching time of 1.4 s. The new multichromic copolymer is thermally stable up to 315 °C and is soluble in chloroform. SEM images illustrate that the copolymer film presents a much smoother surface than that of the respective homopolymers.
Co-reporter:Chunan Ma, Yi Xu, Cheng Zhang, Yu Xu, Wenqin Xiang, Mi Ouyang
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2009 Volume 634(Issue 1) pp:31-34
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.07.004
Poly(2,5-diphenyl-thiophene) (PDPT) is polymerized electrochemically in pure boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). FT-IR characterization approves that PDPT is a β–β linkages polymer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests show that the as-grown polymer exhibits reversible and stable redox behaviors. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) observation indicates that the morphology of the as-grown PDPT film is relatively smooth and compact. And the soluble part of PDPT in CHCl3 can emit strong blue light, implying that PDPT exhibits a wider bandgap than polythiophene.
Co-reporter:Cheng Zhang;Jun Zhu;Mi Ouyang;Chunan Ma;Masao Sumita
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2009 Volume 114( Issue 3) pp:1405-1411
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.30729
Abstract
Conductive network formation and its dynamic process for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and carboxyl-tethered MWNT (MWNT-COOH) filled poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) systems were investigated. Based on real-time tracing the variation of electrical resistivity of systems with isothermal treatment time, the conductive network formation was evaluated. It was found that the conductive network formation was temperature and time dependent. The percolation time, characterized at a certain annealing time where the electrical resistivity started to decrease drastically, decreased with the increase of the filler concentration or the annealing temperature. However, the values of the percolation time and the activation energy of conductive network formation for the PVDF/MWNT-COOH system were higher than those of the PVDF/MWNT system, indicating that the interaction between MWNTs and PVDF molecules played an important role in the conductive network formation of the composites. Furthermore, a modified thermodynamic percolation model was proposed to predict the percolation time of PVDF/MWNT composites. It was found that the calculated results fit the experimental data very well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Co-reporter:Cheng Zhang;Masao Sumita;Chun-an Ma;Ping Wang
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2006 Volume 100(Issue 4) pp:3307-3311
Publication Date(Web):27 FEB 2006
DOI:10.1002/app.23161
In this article, the damping properties of organic hybrids consisting of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothia-zolylsufenamide (DZ), and 4,4′-thio-bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (BPSR) have been investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It is found that DZ and BPSR seem to have a synergistic effect on the damping improvement of CPE/DZ/BPSR hybrids. For CPE/DZ/BPSR three-component hybrids, when BPSR content is below 20 wt %, the values of damping peak maximum are just the same, while the damping peak position shifts to a higher temperature at a higher BPSR concentration. When BPSR content is fixed at 10 wt %, the damping peak maximum increases with increasing DZ/CPE ratio, while there is little shift in the peak position within the ratio range of 0.75–1.25. The decrease in damping peak maximum against annealing can be attributed to the phase separation resulting from the crystallization of hybrids components. Such a crystalline phase, which has been formed during annealing, contains not only pure DZ crystallites but also some CPE–DZ or CPE–DZ–BPSR eutectic crystals. Furthermore, the damping stability of the hybrids can be improved excellently by adding a small amount of BPSR or changing hot-pressing temperature. These may imply that a series of high-performance damping materials possessing both high damping peak maximum and controllable damping peak position can be achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3307–3311, 2006
Co-reporter:C. Zhang, H.F. Wu, C.A. Ma, M. Sumita
Materials Letters 2006 Volume 60(Issue 8) pp:1054-1058
Publication Date(Web):April 2006
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2005.10.075
In this article, the effects of vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been investigated by means of Ozawa's equation. It is found that Ozawa's exponent n decreases with decreasing crystallization temperature for all the systems. For both pure HDPE and HDPE/PMMA (50/50) blends, the values of n are reduced by the addition of VGCF. At higher crystallization temperatures, for pure HDPE and its VGCF filled composite, n is near 2, indicating the heterogeneous nucleation followed by two-dimensional crystal growth. However, for unfilled HDPE/PMMA (50/50) blend, n is about 3, implying the heterogeneous nucleation followed by three-dimensional crystal growth. In addition, the values of n for unfilled and 1.5 phr VGCF filled HDPE/PMMA (50/50) blend do not change gradually with the crystallization temperature but exhibit an interruption at a certain temperature. This may suggest that a change of the crystallization mechanism occurs during the cooling process in such systems.
Co-reporter:Cheng Zhang, Chun-An Ma, Ping Wang, Masao Sumita
Carbon 2005 Volume 43(Issue 12) pp:2544-2553
Publication Date(Web):October 2005
DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.006
In this article, the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity is studied for carbon black (CB)/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites. A new positive temperature coefficient (PTC) material with a very low percolation threshold is produced by the hot compaction method. The very low percolation threshold can be attributed to the segregation of CB in the interfacial regions of UHMWPE particles. The percolation threshold decreases with the increase of the molecular weight of UHMWPE, and with the decrease of the particle size of CB. For CB filled lower molecular weight UHMWPE (145M) composites, the PTC temperature, at which a sharp increase in the resistivity of the composite occurs, decreases with the increase of CB size. However, for a higher molecular weight UHMWPE (630M) filled with CB, the second PTC effect is observed and the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) effect is eliminated. A mechanism is proposed to explain these phenomena based on the optical microscopy and TEM observations. It can be concluded that the degree of the intermixing between CB and UHMWPE particles plays an important role in determining the electrical properties of the composites.
Co-reporter:C. Zhang, J.F. Sheng, C.A. Ma, M. Sumita
Materials Letters 2005 Volume 59(Issue 28) pp:3648-3651
Publication Date(Web):December 2005
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.004
The electrical and damping behaviors of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/barium titanate (BaTiO3)/vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) composites have been investigated. CPE/BaTiO3/VGCF composites exhibit a lower percolation threshold compared to the CPE/VGCF two-component system. This can be attributed to the presence of BaTiO3 particles, which increases the effective concentration of VGCF in the composites. For CPE/BaTiO3/VGCF composites, the dynamic mechanical analysis shows that, at the glass transition temperature of CPE, the values of loss factor decrease with increasing VGCF content. However, within the room temperature region (around 25 °C), the values of loss factor for CPE/BaTiO3/VGCF samples are higher than that of CPE/BaTiO3 and present a peak at 8 vol.% VGCF content, which corresponds to the beginning of the second percolation stage. This may imply that the piezo-damping effect is directly related to conductive network formation in the composites and a new damping material with both a higher loss factor value and efficient stiffness in the region of practical temperature can be obtained by changing the composition of the CPE/BaTiO3/VGCF composites.
Co-reporter:Xiaojing Lv, Weijun Li, Mi Ouyang, Yujian Zhang, Dominic S. Wright and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017 - vol. 5(Issue 1) pp:NaN28-28
Publication Date(Web):2016/11/22
DOI:10.1039/C6TC04002K
Conjugated polymers with various electron-donor (D) and -acceptor (A) structures have been an important focus in the field of electrochromic (EC) research. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in the context of the design and synthesis of D–A type conjugated polymers. Most studies have investigated tunable band gap and color changes by introducing appropriate D and A units. However, D–A polymers with specific D units containing A units in the backbone or side chain possess varied ionization potentials, electron affinities and conjugation effects, leading to diverse electrochemical, optical-physical and EC properties. In addition, some innovative D–A structural polymers, such as cruciform and dendritic structures, present superior EC properties as well as multifunctional performance. In this review, our main focus will be placed on summarizing the characteristics of polymeric EC materials with various donor–acceptor structures. The overarching aim is to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between the D–A structure and the EC properties, especially color characteristics, and to provide some suggestions for the design of novel multifunctional D–A polymers for the future.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Moge Qile, Jingwei Sun, Minhong Xu, Kai Wang, Feng Cao, Weijun Li, Qingbao Song, Bo Zou and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016 - vol. 4(Issue 42) pp:NaN9960-9960
Publication Date(Web):2016/09/05
DOI:10.1039/C6TC03157A
Ratiometric sensors for visual monitoring of pressure environments are highly valuable in various fields, such as security inks and optoelectronic devices. However, ratiometric pressure sensors remain inadequate due to the lack of piezo-chromic luminescent materials with high-contrast color change and high emission efficiency. A donor–acceptor cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative mF-TPA exhibits a high luminescence efficiency (Φf = 82.6%), which is related to the hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) states. Moreover, its crystalline particles can sense exact hydrostatic pressure as high as 10 GPa, accompanied by visible color changes (λPL = 146 nm, from light-green to deep-red). Interestingly, the photo-luminescence peak wavelengths have a linear relationship with the external pressure, enabling its use as a ratiometric pressure sensor. In situ Raman spectroscopy confirms that the intermolecular interaction is obviously enhanced due to the closer packing at high pressure, inducing a red-shift of the emission peak and a decrease of the fluorescence intensity.
Co-reporter:Yaokang Lv, Weishi Du, Yan Ren, Zhiwei Cai, Kuai Yu, Cheng Zhang, Zuofeng Chen and Dominic S. Wright
Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 2016 - vol. 3(Issue 9) pp:NaN1123-1123
Publication Date(Web):2016/06/27
DOI:10.1039/C6QI00114A
The novel heterometallic polyoxotitanate cage [Ti8O7(OEt)21Er] can be used as a single-source precursor for the formation of nanostructured Er-containing titania materials (Er@TiO2). Based on the electrochromic properties and lithium ion storage capacity of Er@TiO2, an integrated bifunctional EC supercapacitor has been designed.
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Huihui He, Lihuan Xu, Kai Zhao, Chuncui Zheng and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017 - vol. 5(Issue 6) pp:NaN2709-2709
Publication Date(Web):2017/01/04
DOI:10.1039/C6TA10127E
A novel mesoporous conjugated polymer-poly(4,4′,4′′-tris(N,N-diphenyl-amino)triphenylamine) (PTDATA), which was one of the polytriphenylamine derivatives with high free radical density, has firstly been prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. Compared to polytriphenylamine (PTPA) with aggregated morphology and relatively low surface area (5.6 m2 g−1), PTDATA exhibited a nanofiber-packed mesoporous structure with an obviously improved surface area of 560.58 m2 g−1. When explored as the cathode material for organic free radical batteries, PTDATA showed a well-defined multistage discharge voltage plateau and an improved capacity of 133.1 mA h g−1, which was equal to 92.8% of its theoretical capacity (143.5 mA h g−1). Also, PTDATA exhibited an enhanced rate performance of 125.4, 114.1, 97.5 and 90.9 mA h g−1 with a 10 times increase of the current density from 50 to 500 mA h g−1, respectively. The excellent electrochemical performances of the PTDATA electrode were due to its special chemical structure of high free radical density and its high specific surface caused by the nanofiber-packed mesoporous morphology, which made PTDATA a good potential candidate as the organic cathode material for high-performance organic lithium secondary batteries.
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Fang Yang, Lvlv Ji, Lihuan Xu and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 - vol. 2(Issue 47) pp:NaN20088-20088
Publication Date(Web):2014/08/18
DOI:10.1039/C4TA03413A
Polytriphenylamine derivative, poly[N,N,N,N-tetraphenylphenylenediamine] (PDDP), with a high free radical density, has been synthesized and studied as a cathode material for organic free radical batteries for the first time. The chemical structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the prepared polymers were characterized by Raman spectra (RS), electron spin resonance (ESR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), respectively. In addition, the charge–discharge properties of the prepared polymers were studied by galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. Compared to polytriphenylamine (PTPA), the fabricated lithium ion half-cells based on PDDP as the cathode exhibited two well-defined plateaus at two discharge voltages of 3.8 and 3.3 V vs. Li/Li+ and an improved capacity of 129.1 mA h g−1, which was very close to its theoretical capacity (130 mA h g−1). The excellent electrochemical performances of the PDDP electrode were due to its stable chemical structure and high free radical density, which makes the PDDP a promising free radical cathode material for organic lithium secondary batteries.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Jingwei Sun, Guilin Zhuang, Mi Ouyang, Zhenwei Yu, Feng Cao, Guoxiang Pan, Peisong Tang, Cheng Zhang and Yuguang Ma
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 - vol. 2(Issue 1) pp:NaN200-200
Publication Date(Web):2013/10/17
DOI:10.1039/C3TC31416B
A triphenylamine-based organic luminophor (TPA-CO) with a highly distorted structure has been designed and effortlessly obtained by an Ullmann reaction. The luminophor exhibits a stimuli-induced emission enhancement effect and intramolecular charge transfer properties. The fluorescence efficiency of its crystals is dramatically increased from 0.4% to 12.3% upon grinding. The emission enhancement is also realized by a heating process. The “bright” state can recover its original state and turn “dark”. The luminescence “on–off” behaviour is repeatedly transformed by a grinding–vapour process or by a heating process. The XRD patterns of the “bright” and “dark” states show that the change of emission intensity is related to the reversible transition between the crystalline state and the metastable amorphous state. At the molecular level, the emission enhancement upon external stimuli may be attributed to conformational planarization and weak intermolecular interactions.
Co-reporter:Yujian Zhang, Qingbao Song, Kai Wang, Wengang Mao, Feng Cao, Jingwei Sun, Lingling Zhan, Yaokang Lv, Yuguang Ma, Bo Zou and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015 - vol. 3(Issue 13) pp:NaN3054-3054
Publication Date(Web):2015/02/06
DOI:10.1039/C4TC02826K
For piezo-, vapo-, and thermochromic materials, it remains a challenge to figure out the underlying reason for fluorescence color changes upon external stimulation and determine why only some fluorophores reveal emission switching. A novel triphenylacrylonitrile derivative (TPAN-MeO) with remarkably twisted conformations has been carefully prepared via the Suzuki coupling reaction. The fluorescence of TPAN-MeO in the aggregate state depends on the polymorphic forms: three crystalline forms BCrys, SCrys and YCrys exhibit bright blue, sky-blue and yellow emission, respectively; meanwhile the amorphous powders are also strongly fluorescent with green emission. The crystals BCrys and SCrys exhibit mechano- and piezochromism in that grinding and high pressure could alter the emission colour, respectively. In addition, the amorphous film exhibits vapo- and thermochromic behaviour in that organic vapour and heating could change the green colour into sky-blue. Interestingly, the solvent vapour and heating stimuli can trigger a crystal-to-crystal transformation between SCrys form and YCrys form.
Co-reporter:Jingwei Sun, Yuyu Dai, Mi Ouyang, Yujian Zhang, Lingling Zhan and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015 - vol. 3(Issue 14) pp:NaN3363-3363
Publication Date(Web):2015/02/13
DOI:10.1039/C4TC02046D
A series of unprecedented bifunctional materials response to both mechanical and electrical stimuli have been developed with torsional cruciform π-architectures composed of donor and acceptor axes. These cross-conjugated geometries possess spatially separated HOMO and LUMO located on the donor and acceptor axis, respectively. A unique charge transfer (CT) process from one axis to the other in the excited state is evidenced by theoretical calculations and spectral analysis. This unusual electronic nature along with the conformational flexibility of compounds is found to be significant for their effective mechanochromic (MC) and electrochromic (EC) performances. Through changing substituents on one bar, systematic and comparative studies have been carried out to explore the structural impacts on the MC and EC properties. Based on the structure–property relationships, remarkable MC materials with emission shifts above 70 nm and excellent EC materials with high optical contrast (70%) and fast response time (0.59 s for fading, 1.44 s for colouring) are obtained. Besides, an effective method for selectively modulating the LUMO energy level as well as bandgap is also attained.
Co-reporter:Jingwei Sun, Xiaojing Lv, Pingjing Wang, Yujian Zhang, Yuyu Dai, Qichao Wu, Mi Ouyang and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 - vol. 2(Issue 27) pp:NaN5371-5371
Publication Date(Web):2014/04/30
DOI:10.1039/C4TC00516C
A donor–acceptor (D–A) cruciform conjugated luminophore DMCS-TPA was designed and synthesized. The DMCS-TPA solid shows both aggregation induced emission (AIE) effect and high contrast mechanochromic (MC) behavior with a remarkable spectral shift of 87 nm. The obvious fluorescence switching from yellowish green to orange can be realized by pressing at only 10 MPa or simply grinding. The photophysical properties, theory calculation and XPS results demonstrate that the extension of the conjugation length and subsequent enhancement of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition are responsible for the improved MC performance. In addition, DMCS-TPA is readily deposited on the ITO electrode surface by the electrochemical method to form an electrochromic (EC) film with multiple colours showing (light green at 0 V, red at 1 V, grey at 1.1 V and blue at 1.45 V) and a high optical contrast of 65% at 769 nm. The results suggest that incorporation of electroactive moieties into luminophores to constitute D–A cruciform conjugated structures is a promising design strategy for preparing dual functional materials combining MC and EC properties.
Co-reporter:Chang Su, Yinpeng Ye, Lihuan Xu and Cheng Zhang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2012 - vol. 22(Issue 42) pp:NaN22662-22662
Publication Date(Web):2012/09/07
DOI:10.1039/C2JM34752K
In this work, a novel linear polytriphenylamine derivative was successfully synthesized by the introduction of ferrocene as a terminating group to the triphenylamine moieties. The morphology, structure and charge–discharge performance of the prepared polymer as the cathode were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. The results showed that the introduction of ferrocene to polytriphenylamine obviously improved the specific capacity and rate capability of the resulting PTPAFc cathodes in lithium ion batteries. Under our experimental conditions, the PTPAFc-based electrodes exhibited an initial discharge capacity of up to 100.2 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1 between 2.5 and 4.2 V, while PTPAn-based electrodes only presented 70.3 mA h g−1, comparatively. Also, the PTPAFc cathode specially retained over 89.7% of the initial capacity with a ten times increase of the current from 50 to 500 mA g−1. These improved electrochemical performances were ascribed to the introduction of ferrocene as the termination couple, which makes the PTPAFc main chain as a chainlike molecule structure and benefits from charge carrier transportation in the molecular polymer.
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