To determine the anti-inflflammatory effects of an ethanol fraction of Periploca forrestii Schltr. (EFPF) and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying in vivo and in vitro models.The antiinflflammatory effects of EFPF were evaluated using the xylene-induced mouse ear edema and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models in vivo. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to 0–800 μg/mL EFPF and the cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Then cells were treated with different concentrations of EFPF (100–400 μg/mL) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) for 24 h. The supernatant was analyzed for nitric oxide (NO) using the Griess reagent, and the levels of inflflammatory mediators and cytokines were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-10. The protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were examined by Western blot.Compared with the control group, EFPF signifificantly reduced mouse ear edema and rat paw edema rate (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the LPS group, EFPF signifificantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6 (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and increased the IL-10 production (P<0.05). EFPF also signifificantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2, suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB-α, decreased p65 level, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2 and JNK P<0.05 or P<0.01).EFPF exerted anti-inflflammatory effect by reducing protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2 and the production of the inflflammation factors, including TNF-α, IL-6, NO and PGE2, mainly through inhibition of LPS-mediated stimulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

The objective of this research is to develop a sensitive bioanalytical method and investigate the pharmacokinetics of a new chimeric peptide (BN-9) in rats. According to the analysis criteria, a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was established and employed in monitoring the compound in rat plasma using doxorubicin (DOX) as the internal standard (IS). Fluorescent BN-9 and IS were extracted from plasma using dehydrated alcohol. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (pH 7.4; 0.02 M) (30:70, v/v) at 0.7 mL min−1. Fluorescence detection was conducted at 490 nm (excitation wavelength) and 520 nm (emission wavelength). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.009 µg mL−1. The intra-batch and inter-batch precisions were less than 8.116%, and the accuracy was within 5.632%. Blood samples were collected after intravenous administration of fluorescent BN-9 at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg kg−1 to rats. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental and compartmental analysis with DAS 2.1.1 software. The t1/2α values were 9.584 ± 5.137, 8.548 ± 2.093 and 9.621 ± 0.3224 min. The results showed that the method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of fluorescent BN-9 following intravenous administration to rats.

An organocatalytic Michael–Michael cascade for the enantioselective construction of spirocyclopentane bioxindoles was developed in moderate to good yield with good diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities. The straightforward process, catalyzed by a bifunctional chiral squaramide catalyst, serves as a powerful tool for the enantioselective construction of potentially biological bioxindoles with four contiguous chiral centers, of which two are spiro all-carbon quaternary centers on a single cyclopentane ring.

BackgroundHyperlipidemia and its complications are among the most harmful of diseases with a worldwide impact, which creates an urgent imperative to find safe and effective drugs for treatment. HG is mainly composed of two kinds of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Hong-Qu and gypenosides. Previously, the ingredients of the mixture mainly composed by Hong-Qu and gypenosides (HG) were widely used for purposes of lipid-lowering, antiatherosclerosis effects, and maintaining cardiovascular health in China. The purpose of this study was to determine whether HG provides any benefit to patients with hyperlipidemia.MethodsForty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with fatty liver disease were randomly divided into six groups: normal, model, two positive controls, and two doses of HG-treated groups. The normal rats were fed a basal diet, and the other rats were fed a high-fat diet. Thereafter, the serum lipid profiles, hepatic steatosis, cytokines, enzymes, and relevant mRNA of rats were analyzed in serum, aorta tissue or hepatic tissues, respectively.ResultsAfter 65 days of feeding the high-fat diet to rats, there were significantly disordered serum lipid profiles, elevated oxidative stress biomarkers, and decreased antiinflammatory cytokines in the serum levels. Additionally, aortic foam cell formation was increased. The gene expression levels including hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), sterol response element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1(CPT-1) in hepatic tissue were also altered by a high-fat diet fed to Sprague-Dawley rats, and HG treatment significantly resolved and normalized these alterations. Moreover, HG not only caused a significant decrease in the lipid drops on the hepatic tissues, but also restored the antioxidant components.ConclusionHG is beneficial for regulating the stability of blood lipids, has atheroprotective characteristics and may prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), providing more than just a theoretical basis for drug research of cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment.

•New type of conjugates was constructed by attaching CPT to the N-terminus of TAT.•CPT could turn TAT into a membrane-lytic antimicrobial peptide.•These conjugates could kill cancer cells by membrane disruption.•These conjugates could also kill cancer cells by releasing the CPT molecule.Attachment of traditional anticancer drugs to cell penetrating peptides is an effective strategy to improve their application in cancer treatment. In this study, we designed and synthesized the conjugates TAT-CPT and TAT-2CPT by attaching camptothecin (CPT) to the N-terminus of the cell penetrating peptide TAT. Interestingly, we found that TAT-CPT and especially TAT-2CPT could kill cancer cells via membrane disruption, which is similar to antimicrobial peptides. This might be because that CPT could perform as a hydrophobic residue to increase the extent of membrane insertion of TAT and the stability of the pores. In addition, TAT-CPT and TAT-2CPT could also kill cancer cells by the released CPT after they entered cells. Taken together, attachment of CPT could turn cell penetrating peptide TAT into an antimicrobial peptide with a dual mechanism of anticancer action, which presents a new strategy to develop anticancer peptides based on cell penetrating peptides.

•A series of side-chain hybrid dimer peptides were designed and synthesized by click chemistry.•All dimer analogues exhibited significantly improved antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains in vitro.•The acute toxicity in mice of all dimer analogues was examined by us.•All dimer analogues had potential therapeutic efficacy in a mouse bacteremia model infected by E. coli.•All dimer analogues had membrane-active action mode and had α-helix conformation in 50% trifluoroethanolCurrently, antimicrobial peptides have attracted considerable attention because of their broad-sprectum activity and low prognostic to induce antibiotic resistance. In our study, for the first time, a series of side-chain hybrid dimer peptides J-AA (Anoplin-Anoplin), J-RR (RW-RW), and J-AR (Anoplin-RW) based on the wasp peptide Anoplin and the arginine- and tryptophan-rich hexapeptide RW were designed and synthesized by click chemistry, with the intent to improve the antimicrobial efficacy of peptides against bacterial pathogens. The results showed that all dimer analogues exhibited up to a 4–16 fold increase in antimicrobial activity compared to the parental peptides against bacterial strains. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity was confirmed by time-killing kinetics assay with two strains which showed that these dimer analogues at 1, 2 × MIC were rapidly bactericidal and reduced the initial inoculum significantly during the first 2–6 h. Notably, dimer peptides showed synergy and additivity effects when used in combination with conventional antibiotics rifampin or penicillin respectively against the multidrug-resistant strains. In the Escherichia coli-infected mouse model, all of hybrid dimer analogues had significantly lower degree of bacterial load than the untreated control group when injected once i.p. at 5 mg/kg. In addition, the infected mice by methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strain could be effectively treated with J-RR. All of dimer analogues had membrane-active action mode. And the membrane-dependent mode of action signifies that peptides functions freely and without regard to conventional resistant mechanisms. Circular dichroism analyses of all dimer analogues showed a general predominance of α-helix conformation in 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE). Additionally, the acute toxicities study indicated that J-RR or J-AR did not show the signs of toxicity when adult mice exposed to concentration up to 120 mg/kg. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of J-AA was 53.6 mg/kg. In conclusion, to design and synthesize side chain-hybrid dimer analogues via click chemistry may offer a new strategy for antibacterial therapeutic option.