From the fermentation extract of Xylarialean sp. A45, an endophytic fungus of Annona squamosa L., three new triterpenes, namely xylariacins A–C (1–3, resp.) were obtained. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and HR-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–3 were tested against human tumor cell line HepG2, and these compounds showed modest cytotoxic activity.

Seven novel polyketides, namely, 1-(xylarenone A)xylariate A (1), xylarioic acid B (2), xylariolide A (3), xylariolide B (4), xylariolide C (5), methyl xylariate C (6), and xylariolide D (7), together with the known one taiwapyrone (8), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Xylaria sp. NCY2 of Torreya jackiiChun. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and on the basis of HR-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. Antitumor and antibacterial assays of compounds 1–8 were carried out, which show moderate activities.

One new diterpenoid, xylarenolide (1), and three new sesquiterpenoids, xylaranol A (2), xylaranol B (3), and xylaranic acid (4), were obtained from the fungal strain Xylaria sp. 101, which was isolated from the fruiting body of Xylaria sp. collected in Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan Province. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and by HR-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. Their antimicrobial activities were evaluated.

Four novel diterpenoids, namely (4β)-4,4-O-dihydrocrinipellin A (1), (4β,8α)-4,4-O,8,8-O-tetrahydrocrinipellin B (2), crinipellin C (3), and crinipellin D (4), along with three known ones, (3β,4β)-3,3-C,4,4-O-tetrahydrocrinipellin A (5), (4β)-4,4-O-dihydrocrinipellin B (6), and phlebiakauranol alcohol, were isolated from the fungal strain Crinipellis sp. 113. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and by HR-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. Antitumor and antibacterial assays with the novel compounds 1–4 were carried out, showing moderate activities against HeLa cells and no effects on the growth of tested bacteria or yeast.

Eleven new metabolites, including nine lovastatin analogues [oblongolides N–V (1–2 and 5–11), which were defined as naphthalene-type fungal polyketides], one linear furanopolyketide (13) and a monoterpene named dihydroxysabinane (14), together with four known compounds including oblongolides B (3) and C (4), one linear furanopolyketide (12) and the sesterterpene terpestacin (15), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Phomopsis sp. XZ-26 of Camptotheca acuminate. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including HR-ESI-MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, 2D NMR (HMQC, HMBC, ¹H-¹H COSY and NOESY), and X-ray single-crystal analysis. The antimicrobial activities of 1–5, 8, 10 and 13–15 were evaluated, but none showed a substantial effect. Additionally, a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway for oblongolides was proposed.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)

Five diterpenoids, including three new ent-trachylobane diterpenoids, i.e., (3α)-3-hydroxy-ent-trachylobane-17,19-dioic acid 19-methyl ester (1), ent-trachylobane-17,19-dioic acid 19-methyl ester (2), ent-trachylobane-17,19-dioic acid (3), and two known atisane-type ones, i.e., (16α)-16,17-dihydroxy-ent-atisan-19-oic acid methyl ester (4), and 17-hydroxy-ent-atisan-19-oic acid methyl ester (5), were isolated from the co-culture extract of the calli of Trewia nudiflora and its endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. WXE. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and HR-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. The antitumor and antibacterial properties of the new compounds were evaluated.

Three new sesquiterpenes, tuberculariols A–C (1–3, resp.), were isolated from the mutant strain M-741 of Tubercularia sp. TF5, an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and HR-Q-TOF-MS. Antitumor and antibacterial properties of these compounds were evaluated.

Three new sesquiterpenoids, xylarenones A (1) and B (2), and xylarenic acid (3), were obtained from the endophytic fungal strain Xylaria sp. NCY2, which was isolated from Torreya jackiiChun. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and by HR-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. The antitumor and antibacterial properties of the new compounds were evaluated.

From the endophytic strain Streptomyces sp. CS of Maytenus hookeri, five novel type III polyketides, compounds 1–5, were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, and by HR-ESI-MS.

Five new mixed terpenoids, tricycloalternarenes (TCAs) A–E (1–5), together with two known compounds, TCA 1b (6) and TCA 2b (7), were isolated from the solid-state-cultured endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata of Maytenus hookeri. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic (especially 2D-NMR) experiments. Compound 7 showed weak activity against human tumor cell lines by MTT assay.

Three new sesquiterpenes, pyxidatol A–C (1–3, resp.), were obtained from the fermentation culture of Clavaria pyxidata, together with two known ones, tsugicoline E (4) and omphadiol (5). Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, HR-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry, chemical correlation, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction.