Co-reporter:Jirka Peschek;Nathalie Braun;Titus M. Franzmann;Yannis Georgalis;Sevil Weinkauf;Martin Haslbeck
PNAS 2009 Volume 106 (Issue 32 ) pp:13272-13277
Publication Date(Web):2009-08-11
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0902651106
α-Crystallins are molecular chaperones that protect vertebrate eye lens proteins from detrimental protein aggregation. αB-Crystallin,
1 of the 2 α-crystallin isoforms, is also associated with myopathies and neuropathological diseases. Despite the importance
of α-crystallins in protein homeostasis, only little is known about their quaternary structures because of their seemingly
polydisperse nature. Here, we analyzed the structures of recombinant α-crystallins using biophysical methods. In contrast
to previous reports, we show that αB-crystallin assembles into defined oligomers consisting of 24 subunits. The 3-dimensional
(3D) reconstruction of αB-crystallin by electron microscopy reveals a sphere-like structure with large openings to the interior
of the protein. αA-Crystallin forms, in addition to complexes of 24 subunits, also smaller oligomers and large clusters consisting
of individual oligomers. This propensity might explain the previously reported polydisperse nature of α-crystallin.
Co-reporter:Tetyana Dashivets;Nichole Wood Dr.;Christoph Hergersberg Dr. Dr.;Martin Haslbeck Dr.
ChemBioChem 2009 Volume 10( Issue 5) pp:869-876
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/cbic.200800697
Co-reporter:Matthias J. Feige;Sandra Groscurth;Moritz Marcinowski;Zu Thur Yew;Vincent Truffault;Emanuele Paci;Horst Kessler
PNAS 2008 Volume 105 (Issue 36 ) pp:13373-13378
Publication Date(Web):2008-09-09
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0802809105
Folding intermediates play a key role in defining protein folding and assembly pathways as well as those of misfolding and
aggregation. Yet, due to their transient nature, they are poorly accessible to high-resolution techniques. Here, we made use
of the intrinsically slow folding reaction of an antibody domain to characterize its major folding intermediate in detail.
Furthermore, by a single point mutation we were able to trap the intermediate in equilibrium and characterize it at atomic
resolution. The intermediate exhibits the basic β-barrel topology, yet some strands are distorted. Surprisingly, two short
strand-connecting helices conserved in constant antibody domains assume their completely native structure already in the intermediate,
thus providing a scaffold for adjacent strands. By transplanting these helical elements into β2-microglobulin, a highly homologous member of the same superfamily, we drastically reduced its amyloidogenicity. Thus, minor
structural differences in an intermediate can shape the folding landscape decisively to favor either folding or misfolding.
Co-reporter:Lin Römer Dr.;Christian Klein Dr.;Alexer Dehner Dr.;Horst Kessler Dr. Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2006 Volume 118(Issue 39) pp:
Publication Date(Web):19 SEP 2006
DOI:10.1002/ange.200600611
Jeden Tag mutiert die DNA einer jeden Zelle im menschlichen Körper – sogar in Abwesenheit von Onkogenen oder extremer Strahlung – tausende Male. Viele dieser Mutationen würden zu Krebs und schließlich zum Tod führen. Um dem entgegenzuwirken, haben vielzellige Organismen ein effizientes Kontrollsystem mit dem Tumorsuppressorprotein p53 als dem zentralen Element entwickelt. Ein intaktes p53-Netzwerk gewährleistet, dass DNA-Schäden frühzeitig entdeckt und repariert werden. Die Bedeutung von p53 für die Prävention von Krebs wird dadurch deutlich, dass p53 in mehr als 50 % aller menschlichen Tumoren inaktiviert vorliegt. Aus diesem Grund ist p53 eines der am intensivsten untersuchten Proteine. Trotz der großen Anstrengungen, die unternommen wurden, um dieses Protein zu charakterisieren, sind seine Struktureigenschaften und komplexen Funktionen bisher nur teilweise aufgeklärt. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt vorrangig grundlegende Konzepte und jüngste Fortschritte für das Verständnis der Struktur und Regulierung von p53, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung neuer Therapieansätze.
Co-reporter:Lin Römer Dr.;Christian Klein Dr.;Alexer Dehner Dr.;Horst Kessler Dr. Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 Volume 45(Issue 39) pp:
Publication Date(Web):19 SEP 2006
DOI:10.1002/anie.200600611
Every single day, the DNA of each cell in the human body is mutated thousands of times, even in absence of oncogenes or extreme radiation. Many of these mutations could lead to cancer and, finally, death. To fight this, multicellular organisms have evolved an efficient control system with the tumor-suppressor protein p53 as the central element. An intact p53 network ensures that DNA damage is detected early on. The importance of p53 for preventing cancer is highlighted by the fact that p53 is inactivated in more than 50 % of all human tumors. Thus, for good reason, p53 is one of the most intensively studied proteins. Despite the great effort that has been made to characterize this protein, the complex function and the structural properties of p53 are still only partially known. This review highlights basic concepts and recent progress in understanding the structure and regulation of p53, focusing on emerging new mechanistic and therapeutic concepts.
Co-reporter:Stefan Bell, Silke Hansen, Johannes Buchner
Biophysical Chemistry 2002 Volume 96(2–3) pp:243-257
Publication Date(Web):2 May 2002
DOI:10.1016/S0301-4622(02)00011-X
The human tumor suppressor p53 is a conformationally flexible and functionally complex protein that is only partially understood on a structural level. We expressed full-length p53 in the cytosol of Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies. To obtain active, recombinant p53, we varied renaturation conditions using DNA binding activity and oligomeric state as criteria for successful refolding. The optimized renaturation protocol allows the refolding of active, DNA binding p53 with correct quaternary structure and domain contact interfaces. The purified protein could be allosterically activated for DNA binding by addition of a C-terminally binding antibody. Analytical gelfiltration and chemical cross-linking confirmed the tetrameric quaternary structure and the spectroscopic analysis of renatured p53 by fluorescence and circular dichroism, suggested that native p53 is partially unstructured.
Co-reporter:Stefan Walter Dr. Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2002 Volume 114(Issue 7) pp:
Publication Date(Web):27 MAR 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3757(20020402)114:7<1142::AID-ANGE1142>3.0.CO;2-T
Proteine sind lineare Polymere, die von den Ribosomen aus aktivierten Aminosäuren synthetisiert werden. Das Produkt dieses Biosyntheseprozesses ist eine Polypeptidkette, die anschließend in ihre individuelle dreidimensionale Struktur falten muss, die sie zur Ausübung ihrer zellulären Funktion befähigt. Christian Anfinsen konnte zeigen, dass dieser Faltungsprozess keine zusätzlichen Faktoren und keine Energiezufuhr benötigt und somit autonom ist. Im Jahre 1972 wurde ihm für diese Leistung der Nobelpreis für Chemie zuerkannt. Ausgehend von In-vitro-Experimenten mit gereinigten Proteinen glaubte man lange, dass sich auch in der lebenden Zelle die richtige Raumstruktur spontan bildet, sobald die neu synthetisierte Proteinkette das Ribosom verlässt. Darüber hinaus dachte man, dass Proteine ihre gefaltete (native) Konformation beibehalten, bis sie schließlich von speziellen Enzymen abgebaut werden. In den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise der zellulären Proteinfaltung stark geändert. Heute weiß man, dass eine Zelle über komplexe und hoch entwickelte Proteinmaschinen verfügt, die die Proteinfaltung unterstützen und die strukturelle Integrität von Proteinen unter Bedingungen aufrechterhalten, unter denen diese zu entfalten und zu aggregieren drohen. Diese Proteinmaschinen bezeichnet man als molekulare Chaperone, da sie, wie ihre menschlichen Pendants, unerwünschte Kontakte zwischen ihren „Schützlingen“ verhindern. In diesem Aufsatz sollen die wichtigsten Eigenschaften dieser Klasse von Proteinen vorgestellt und an ausgewählten Beispielen die Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen sowie die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen erläutert werden.
Co-reporter:Stefan Walter Dr. Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2002 Volume 41(Issue 7) pp:
Publication Date(Web):27 MAR 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020402)41:7<1098::AID-ANIE1098>3.0.CO;2-9
Proteins are linear polymers synthesized by ribosomes from activated amino acids. The product of this biosynthetic process is a polypeptide chain, which has to adopt the unique three-dimensional structure required for its function in the cell. In 1972, Christian Anfinsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for showing that this folding process is autonomous in that it does not require any additional factors or input of energy. Based on in vitro experiments with purified proteins, it was suggested that the correct three-dimensional structure can form spontaneously in vivo once the newly synthesized protein leaves the ribosome. Furthermore, proteins were assumed to maintain their native conformation until they were degraded by specific enzymes. In the last decade this view of cellular protein folding has changed considerably. It has become clear that a complicated and sophisticated machinery of proteins exists which assists protein folding and allows the functional state of proteins to be maintained under conditions in which they would normally unfold and aggregate. These proteins are collectively called molecular chaperones, because, like their human counterparts, they prevent unwanted interactions between their immature clients. In this review, we discuss the principal features of this peculiar class of proteins, their structure–function relationships, and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Co-reporter:Emma Rhiannon Simpson, Eva Maria Herold, Johannes Buchner
Journal of Molecular Biology (9 October 2009) Volume 392(Issue 5) pp:1326-1338
Publication Date(Web):9 October 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.075
Antibodies are modular proteins consisting of domains that exhibit a β-sandwich structure, the so-called immunoglobulin fold. Despite structural similarity, differences in folding and stability exist between different domains. In particular, the variable domain of the light chain VL is unusual as it is associated with misfolding diseases, including the pathologic assembly of the protein into fibrillar structures. Here, we have analysed the folding pathway of a VL domain with a view to determine features that may influence the relationship between productive folding and fibril formation. The VL domain from MAK33 (murine monoclonal antibody of the subtype κ/IgG1) has not previously been associated with fibrillisation but is shown here to be capable of forming fibrils. The folding pathway of this VL domain is complex, involving two intermediates in different pathways. An obligatory early molten globule-like intermediate with secondary structure but only loose tertiary interactions is inferred. The native state can then be formed directly from this intermediate in a phase that can be accelerated by the addition of prolyl isomerases. However, an alternative pathway involving a second, more native-like intermediate is also significantly populated. Thus, the protein can reach the native state via two distinct folding pathways. Comparisons to the folding pathways of other antibody domains reveal similarities in the folding pathways; however, in detail, the folding of the VL domain is striking, with two intermediates populated on different branches of the folding pathway, one of which could provide an entry point for molecules diverted into the amyloid pathway.
Co-reporter:Morten Bertz, Jin Chen, Matthias J. Feige, Titus M. Franzmann, ... Matthias Rief
Journal of Molecular Biology (30 July 2010) Volume 400(Issue 5) pp:1046-1056
Publication Date(Web):30 July 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.065
In biological systems, proteins rarely act as isolated monomers. Association to dimers or higher oligomers is a commonly observed phenomenon. As an example, small heat shock proteins form spherical homo-oligomers of mostly 24 subunits, with the dimeric α-crystallin domain as the basic structural unit. The structural hierarchy of this complex is key to its function as a molecular chaperone. In this article, we analyze the folding and association of the basic building block, the α-crystallin domain dimer, from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Hsp16.5 in detail. Equilibrium denaturation experiments reveal that the α-crystallin domain dimer is highly stable against chemical denaturation. In these experiments, protein dissociation and unfolding appear to follow an “all-or-none” mechanism with no intermediate monomeric species populated. When the mechanical stability was determined by single-molecule force spectroscopy, we found that the α-crystallin domain dimer resists high forces when pulled at its termini. In contrast to bulk denaturation, stable monomeric unfolding intermediates could be directly observed in the mechanical unfolding traces after the α-crystallin domain dimer had been dissociated by force. Our results imply that for this hyperthermophilic member of the small heat shock protein family, assembly of the spherical 24mer starts from folded monomers, which readily associate to the dimeric structure required for assembly of the higher oligomer.
Co-reporter:Klaus Richter, Jochen Reinstein, Johannes Buchner
Molecular Cell (26 October 2007) Volume 28(Issue 2) pp:177-179
Publication Date(Web):26 October 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.10.007
In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Dollins et al. (2007) present the crystal structure of Grp94, which highlights the similarity between Grp94 and Hsp90 and provides insight into the resting state of Grp94 and potentially other Hsp90 family members.
Co-reporter:Matthias J. Feige, Franz Hagn, Julia Esser, Horst Kessler, Johannes Buchner
Journal of Molecular Biology (26 January 2007) Volume 365(Issue 4) pp:1232-1244
Publication Date(Web):26 January 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.049
Disulfide bridges are one of the most important factors stabilizing the native structure of a protein. Whereas the basis for their stabilizing effect is well understood, their role in a protein folding reaction still seems to require further attention. We used the constant domain of the antibody light chain (CL), a representative of the ubiquitous immunoglobulin (Ig)-superfamily, to delineate the kinetic role of its single buried disulfide bridge. Independent of its redox state, the monomeric CL domain adopts a typical Ig-fold under native conditions and does not retain significant structural elements when unfolded. Interestingly, its folding pathway is strongly influenced by the disulfide bridge. The more stable oxidized protein folds via a highly structured on-pathway intermediate, whereas the destabilized reduced protein populates a misfolded off-pathway species on its way to the native state. In both cases, the formation of the intermediate species is shown to be independent of the isomerization state of the Tyr141-Pro142 bond. Our results demonstrate that the internal disulfide bridge in an antibody domain restricts the folding pathway by bringing residues of the folding nucleus into proximity thus facilitating the way to the native state.
Co-reporter:Matthias Johannes Feige, Emma Rhiannon Simpson, Eva Maria Herold, Alexander Bepperling, ... Johannes Buchner
Journal of Molecular Biology (25 June 2010) Volume 399(Issue 5) pp:719-730
Publication Date(Web):25 June 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.032
Intact antibodies and antigen binding fragments (Fab) have been previously shown to form an alternatively folded state (AFS) at low pH. This state consists primarily of secondary structure interactions, with reduced tertiary structure content. The AFS can be distinguished from the molten globule state by the formation of nonnative structure and, in particular, its high stability. In this study, the isolated domains of the MAK33 (murine monoclonal antibody of the subtype κ/IgG1) Fab fragment were investigated under conditions that have been reported to induce the AFS. Surprising differences in the ability of individual domains to form the AFS were observed, despite the similarities in their native structures. All Fab domains were able to adopt the AFS, but only for VH (variable domain of the heavy chain) could a significant amount of tertiary structure be detected and different conditions were needed to induce the AFS. VH, the least stable of the domains under physiological conditions, was the most stable in the AFS, yet all domains showed significant stability against thermal and chemical unfolding in their AFS. Formation of the AFS was found to generally proceed via the unfolded state, with similar rates for most of the domains. Taken together, our data reveal striking differences in the biophysical properties of the AFS of individual antibody domains that reflect the variation possible for domains of highly homologous native structures. Furthermore, they allow individual domain contributions to be dissected from specific oligomer effects in the AFS of the antibody Fab fragment.
Co-reporter:Klaus Richter, Martin Haslbeck, Johannes Buchner
Molecular Cell (22 October 2010) Volume 40(Issue 2) pp:253-266
Publication Date(Web):22 October 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.006
Organisms must survive a variety of stressful conditions, including sudden temperature increases that damage important cellular structures and interfere with essential functions. In response to heat stress, cells activate an ancient signaling pathway leading to the transient expression of heat shock or heat stress proteins (Hsps). Hsps exhibit sophisticated protection mechanisms, and the most conserved Hsps are molecular chaperones that prevent the formation of nonspecific protein aggregates and assist proteins in the acquisition of their native structures. In this Review, we summarize the concepts of the protective Hsp network.
Co-reporter:Matthias J. Feige, Susanne Nath, Silvia R. Catharino, Daniel Weinfurtner, ... Johannes Buchner
Journal of Molecular Biology (21 August 2009) Volume 391(Issue 3) pp:599-608
Publication Date(Web):21 August 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.048
A prototypic IgG antibody can be divided into two major structural units: the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and the Fc fragment that mediates effector functions. The IgG Fc fragment is a homodimer of the two C-terminal domains (CH2 and CH3) of the heavy chains. Characteristic of the Fc part is the presence of a sugar moiety at the inner face of the CH2 domains. The structure of this complex branched oligosaccharide is generally resolved in crystal structures of Fc fragments due to numerous well-defined sugar–protein interactions and a small number of sugar–sugar interactions. This suggested that sugars play an important role in the structure of the Fc fragment. To address this question directly, we determined the crystal structure of the unglycosylated Fc fragment of the murine IgG1 MAK33. The structures of the CH3 domains of the unglycosylated Fc fragment superimpose perfectly with the structure of the isolated MAK33 CH3 domain. The unglycosylated CH2 domains, in contrast, approach each other much more closely compared to known structures of partly deglycosylated Fc fragments with rigid-body motions between 10 and 14 Å, leading to a strongly “closed” conformation of the unglycosylated Fc fragment. The glycosylation sites in the C′E loop and the BC and FG loops are well defined in the unglycosylated CH2 domain, however, with increased mobility and with a significant displacement of about 4.9 Å for the unglycosylated Asn residue compared to the glycosylated structure. Thus, glycosylation both stabilizes the C′E-loop conformation within the CH2 domain and also helps to ensure an “open” conformation, as seen upon Fc receptor binding. These structural data provide a rationale for the observation that deglycosylation of antibodies often compromises their ability to bind and activate Fcγ receptors.
Co-reporter:Matthias J. Feige, Sandra Groscurth, Moritz Marcinowski, Yuichiro Shimizu, ... Johannes Buchner
Molecular Cell (12 June 2009) Volume 34(Issue 5) pp:569-579
Publication Date(Web):12 June 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.028
A prerequisite for antibody secretion and function is their assembly into a defined quaternary structure, composed of two heavy and two light chains for IgG. Unassembled heavy chains are actively retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that the CH1 domain of the heavy chain is intrinsically disordered in vitro, which sets it apart from other antibody domains. It folds only upon interaction with the light-chain CL domain. Structure formation proceeds via a trapped intermediate and can be accelerated by the ER-specific peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin B. The molecular chaperone BiP recognizes incompletely folded states of the CH1 domain and competes for binding to the CL domain. In vivo experiments demonstrate that requirements identified for folding the CH1 domain in vitro, including association with a folded CL domain and isomerization of a conserved proline residue, are essential for antibody assembly and secretion in the cell.
Co-reporter:Marina Ostankovitch, Johannes Buchner
Journal of Molecular Biology (11 September 2015) Volume 427(Issue 18) pp:2899-2903
Publication Date(Web):11 September 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.08.010