Co-reporter:Brinda Mehta, Paula Watt, Mark D. Soucek, and Coleen Pugh
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2016 Volume 55(Issue 45) pp:11727-11735
Publication Date(Web):October 13, 2016
DOI:10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03004
Both soybean oil and linseed oil were cured in bulk with 1,1′-(methylene-di-1,4-phenylene)bismaleimide (MDA-BMI) and oligomeric bismaleimides (BMI-1700 and BMI-3000) at 150 °C for 45 min to yield bio-based thermoset polymers. 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization of a model reaction between soybean oil and N-phenylmaleimide confirmed that the products were formed only by an ene reaction. The curing reactions of bismaleimdes with soybean and linseed oils occurred in the absence of solvent and without added catalyst to produce cross-linked materials. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that curing with MDA-BMI begins at 150 °C when the bismaleimide starts to melt, with maximum curing at 179 °C. The 5% weight loss decomposition temperature of the cross-linked thermosets, determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), varied with the cross-linkers used, according to the following order: BMI-3000 > BMI-1700 > MDA-BMI. Glass fiber-reinforced composites with 45 wt % glass fibers were prepared by curing a mixture of plant oil and bismaleimide cross-linker applied to a sheet of glass fibers at 150 °C in a press for 10 min. As quantified using dynamic mechanical analysis, the composites based on MDA-BMI were densely cross-linked and stiff, whereas those based on oligomeric BMI-1700 and BMI-3000 were loosely cross-linked and flexible. The tensile properties of the glass fiber-reinforced composites varied little with the plant oil used.
Co-reporter:Colin Wright, Abhishek Banerjee, Xiang Yan, William K. Storms-Miller, and Coleen Pugh
Macromolecules 2016 Volume 49(Issue 6) pp:2028-2038
Publication Date(Web):March 7, 2016
DOI:10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00331
Brominated poly(lactic acid) (PLB) and brominated poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGB) were synthesized by acid-catalyzed melt copolyesterifications of glycolic acid and/or lactic acid with 2-bromo-3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is a brominated constitutional isomer of lactic acid. Molecular weights up to Mn = 104 Da were achieved by adding diphenyl ether to the copolymerizations (100% w/v comonomer concentration) performed at 90–130 °C in vacuo. GPCPSt underestimates the molecular weight of PLB when it contains at least approximately 6 mol % brominated units. The bromine atoms of PLB5050 (MnPSt = 5.32 × 103 Da; absolute Mn ∼ 1.70 × 104 Da) were replaced quantitatively with iodide using sodium iodide in acetone at room temperature, with a modest decrease in the molecular weight (MnPSt = 4.62 × 103 Da). PLB was also reacted with 0.25 equiv of sodium azide in DMF at 0 °C to replace the corresponding amount of bromine atoms in 88% efficiency, again with a slight decrease in the apparent molecular weight (MnPSt = 4.15 × 103 Da). The resulting azido-functionalized PLA was reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, an activated alkyne, via a 1,3-dipolar azide–alkyne, microwave-assisted “click” cycloaddition at 56 °C to generate poly(lactic acid) with 1,2,3-triazole rings and a corresponding increase in molecular weight (MnPSt = 5.05 × 103 Da), whereas copper-catalyzed “click” reactions involving basic amine ligands, such as a CuBr/PMDETA-catalyzed “click” reaction with propargyl alcohol, degraded the copolymer.
Co-reporter:Yangtian Lu;Dibyendu Debnath;R. A. Weiss
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2015 Volume 53( Issue 20) pp:2399-2410
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pola.27700
ABSTRACT
(2-Bromo-n-nonan-1-oxycarbonyl)ethyl acrylate was synthesized as an inimer for self-condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP) to produce hyperbranched poly(n-nonyl acrylate), either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer with n-nonyl acrylate. The inimer was homopolymerized and copolymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and activator generated by electron transfer ATRP to produce soluble polymers with broad polydispersities (up to Đ = 9.91), which is characteristic of hyperbranched polymers produced by SCVP. The resulting hyperbranched (co)polymers were crosslinked by atom transfer radical coupling in both one-pot and two-step procedures. The radical–radical crosslinking reaction is extremely efficient, resulting in hard plastic particles from the homopolymer of (2-bromo-n-nonan-1-oxycarbonyl)ethyl acrylate synthesized in bulk. Crosslinked organogels that swell in tetrahydrofuran were formed when the rate of crosslinking decreased using acetonitrile solutions. Dynamic shear and stress relaxation experiments demonstrated that the dry network behaves as a covalently crosslinked soft gel, with a glass transition at −50 °C according to differential scanning calorimetry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2399–2410
Co-reporter:William K. Storms-Miller and Coleen Pugh
Macromolecules 2015 Volume 48(Issue 12) pp:3803-3810
Publication Date(Web):June 1, 2015
DOI:10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00652
The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene was investigated using the popular alkyne-functional initiator prop-2-yn-1-yl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (PBiB). The polymerization kinetics and evolution of molecular weight as a function of monomer conversion were systematically studied with PBiB and similar initiators with protecting groups at the reactive propargylic and terminal acetylenic sites. These studies were compared to control studies using the nonfunctional initiator ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate. As confirmed by NMR analysis of a model reaction, the terminal alkynes undergo oxidative alkyne–alkyne coupling under ATRP conditions, resulting in polymers with bimodal molecular weight distributions. This side reaction is significant because it diminishes the orthogonality of ATRP/copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition procedures as well as the control of ATRP.
Co-reporter:Coleen Pugh;Marta Paz-Pazos ;Chau N. Tang
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2009 Volume 47( Issue 2) pp:331-345
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pola.23132
Abstract
2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorostyrene (PFS) was copolymerized with 1-vinylnaphathalene (1VN) in bulk by radical copolymerization at 25 °C (r1VNrPFS = 0.070) using t-butylperoxy pivalate as the inititator, at 70 °C (r1VNrPFS = 0.11) using benzyol peroxide as the initiator, and at 120 °C (r1VNrPFS = 0.28) using t-butyl peroxide as the initiator; PFS was also copolymerized with 2-vinylnaphathalene (2VN) in bulk by radical copolymerization at 70 °C (r2VNrPFS = 0.15) under similar conditions. Their reactivity ratios were determined at low monomer conversions using the nonlinear least-squares method of analysis, which demonstrated that both comonomer pairs tend to alternate, and that their alternating tendency increases with decreasing temperature, similar to the radical copolymerizations of PFS with styrene (St) in bulk. The glass transition temperatures determined by differential scanning calorimetry are elevated relative to their mole-average values, with the extent of elevation being greater for the 1VN-PFS copolymers than for the 2VN-PFS copolymers, which is greater than that for St-PFS copolymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 331–345, 2009
Co-reporter:Coleen Pugh;Andrea M. Kasko ;Steven R. Grunwald
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2008 Volume 46( Issue 13) pp:4363-4382
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pola.22758
Abstract
“Three-arm star” poly[11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate]s were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate using two new trifunctional initiators: 1,3,5-tri- (methyl 2-bromopropionate)benzene and 2,4,6-tri[4′-methyl(2′′-bromopropionate)phenoxymethyl]mesitylene. The polymers synthesized with 1,3,5-tri(methyl 2-bromopropionate)benzene (series II) contained 14–127 repeat units according to gel permeation chromatography relative to linear polystyrene (GPCPSt) and 13–271 repeat units according to GPC with a light scattering detector (GPCLS). Those synthesized with 2,4,6-tri[4′-methyl(2′′-bromopropionate)phenoxymethyl]mesitylene (series III) contained 14–87 repeat units according to GPCPSt and 10–120 repeat units according to GPCLS. The absolute molecular weight, size, and shape of both series of polymers were characterized by light scattering in CH2Cl2, and their thermotropic behavior was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry; both types of properties were compared to those of the other architectures, especially the corresponding three-arm star poly[11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate]s synthesized previously using 1,3,5-trisbromomethylmesitylene as the initiator. The size and shape of the three-arm star polymers in CH2Cl2 are similar, although the isotropization temperature in the solid state decreases and the breadth of the isotropization transition increases with increasing size and flexibility of the trifunctional core. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4363–4382, 2008