An increase in the a-axis and a decrease in c-axis with increasing Zn content.
An increase of zinc in the HAP lattice leads to a decrease in the surface charge.
The synthetic ZnSeHAP particles show a rod-like morphology.
The size of the particles decreased with increase in concentration of Zn.
Single-crystal strontium hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) nanorods have been synthesized by a water-based low temperature sol–gel process using strontium nitrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate as the starting materials. The SrHAp materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The aging time was found to play a significant role in regulating the morphology of the nanoparticles and the best result was obtained for the sample aged at 60 °C for 48 h. This SrHAp sample consisted of monodipersed nanorods with lengths of 120–180 nm and diameters of around 30 nm. This synthesis strategy provides a simple pathway to obtain single-crystal SrHAp with high crystallinity and purity.
Rod-shaped HAp crystals with mesoporous structure were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using F127 as the template.
The synthesized rod-shaped HAp crystals had irregular mesostructure with a high surface area and pore volume.
HAp showed net positive charge when suspended in simulated body fluid (SBF).
The HAp rods exhibited a higher loading capacity for bovine serum albumin (BSA) than for lysozyme (LSZ) in the SBF.
Proteins release kinetics from rod-shaped HAp crystals was described by the Higuchi model.
Aversive classical conditioning of Aplysia californica, a gastropod mollusk suited for neurobiological study, produces a learned reaction to the chemosensory conditioned stimulus that is expressed as a marked facilitation of four defensive responses: two graded reflexes (head and siphon withdrawal), an all-or-none fixed act (inking), and a complex fixed action pattern (escape locomotion). In addition, the conditioned stimulus produces a concomitant depression of at least one appetitive response, feeding. These extensive and selective actions of the conditioned stimulus in Aplysia resemble the actions of conditioned fear stimuli in higher mammals and suggest that the functional equivalent of fear occurs in invertebrates and thus may be an adaptive mechanism that is widespread in the animal kingdom.
