Co-reporter:Dengfeng Peng, Jinchu Yang, Jing Li, Cuie Tang, and Bin Li
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry December 6, 2017 Volume 65(Issue 48) pp:10658-10658
Publication Date(Web):November 14, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03669
β-Lactoglobulin fibrils could serve as a surface-active component and form adsorption layers at the air/water interface. In this study, the physical parameters related to the surface adsorption, foaming, and surface properties of β-lactoglobulin fibrils as a function of pH (2–8) were investigated. Results showed that an increase of pH from 2 to 5 led to a rise of the viscoelastic modulus of the surface adsorption layer and half-life time (t1/2) of foams, but it decreased foamability. When the pH was close to its isoelectric point (5.2), fibrils had the lowest electrostatic repulsion and entangled at the air/water interface resulting in a tightly packaged adsorption layer around bubbles to prevent coalescence and coarsening. When the pH (7–8) was higher than the pI of fibrils, the negatively charged β-lactoglobulin fibrils possessed good foamability (∼80%) and high foam stability (t1/2 ≈ 8 h) simultaneously even at low concentration (1 mg/mL). It demonstrated that β-lactoglobulin fibrils with negative charges presented a good foaming behavior and could be a potential new foaming agent in the food industry.Keywords: charges; foams; pH; stability; surface behaviors; β-lactoglobulin fibrils;
Co-reporter:Weiping Jin, Jieyu Zhu, Yike Jiang, Ping Shao, Bin Li, and Qingrong Huang
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2017 Volume 65(Issue 7) pp:
Publication Date(Web):January 30, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04146
Particle size and surface wettability play leading roles in the distribution of particles on the oil–water interface and the stability of emulsions. This work utilized nanocomplexes assembled from gelatin and tannic acid to stabilize Pickering emulsions. The sizes and surface wettability of particles were further regulated by using a polysaccharide. The sizes of nanocomplexes ranged from 205.8 to 422.2 nm and increased with the addition of polysaccharide. Their contact angles decreased from 84.1° to 59.3°, revealing their hydrophilic nature. Results of fluorescence microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy indicated that nanocomplexes were located at the oil–water interface. Interfacial shear and dilatational rheological data revealed a fast and irreversible adsorption behavior, which differed from rearrangement of gelatin molecules at the oil–water interface. The minimal concentration of nanocomplexes required to stabilize emulsions was 0.1 wt %. Our results demonstrated that protein–polyphenol–polysaccharide nanocomplexes had the potential to be applied to form stable surfactant-free food emulsions for the delivery of nutraceuticals.Keywords: interfacial tension; nanocomplexes; particle size; Pickering emulsion; surface wettability;
Co-reporter:Lingling Lei, Yazhen Zhang, Lingling He, Shan Wu, Bin Li, Yan Li
LWT - Food Science and Technology 2017 Volume 82(Volume 82) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.051
•Entrapment of alginate hydrogel enhanced stability of nobiletin and nanoemulsion.•Alginate hydrogel matrix controlled the crystalline property of nobiletin.•Filled-hydrogel prevented the formation of nobiletin precipitation during digestion.Precipitation of hydrophobic bioactive compounds during gastrointestinal (GI) tract usually causes their low absorption and bioaccessibility. In the present work, alginate hydrogel was utilized to encapsulate nobiletin-loaded nanoemulsion droplets, aiming to control the crystallization and release rate of nobiletin. Images by Scanning Electronic Microscopy displayed that nanoemulsion droplets were entrapped in the network of alginate hydrogel matrix. X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that crystallinity of nobiletin in the hydrogel matrix was partially retarded, where nobiletin crystals were softer than those in nanoemulsions. In vitro release rate of nobiletin from hydrogel was much higher at pH 7.4 (>80%) than that at pH 1.2 (<27%). In vitro digestion experimental results revealed that the lipolysis rate of nanoemulsions in the hydrogel was lower than that of bulk nanoemulsions. No nobiletin crystal was formed as hydrogel passed through GI tract. In comparison, many nobiletin crystals were observed in the nanoemulsion systems. The bioaccessibility of nobiletin was determined to be lower in alginate hydrogel (i.e. 44.7± 0.4% at 4.5 mg/mL) than that in nanoemulsions (i.e. 67.2± 0.4% at 4.5 mg/mL). It concluded that nanoemulsion-filled hydrogel could achieve the sustained release and absorption of nobiletin and prevent its precipitation in the GI tract.
Co-reporter:Jing Tian, Shasha Xu, Hongbing Deng, Xinxing Song, Xiujuan Li, Jiajia Chen, Feng Cao, Bin Li
International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2017 Volume 517, Issues 1–2(Issue 1) pp:
Publication Date(Web):30 January 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.030
Self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) composed of chitosan (CS) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) of hen eggs were prepared by a one-step green synthesis of mixing CS solution and LDL suspension. The formulated CS-LDL NPs were then applied to encapsulate doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) with the encapsulation efficiency of 51.7%. The average particle size and ζ-potential of DOX-loaded CS-LDL NPs (CS-LDL-DOX NPs) were 179 nm and +48.3 mV, respectively. The encapsulated DOX showed less cytotoxicity than free DOX after 24-h incubation with gastric cancer SGC7901 cells, which may be due to extended release. Cellular uptake of CS-LDL-DOX NPs was significant higher than that of free DOX due to the endocytosis of tumor cells. Thus CS-LDL-DOX NPs showed a potential in reducing cytotoxicity of DOX by extended release behavior and preferential uptake compared to free DOX. In addition, flow cytometry and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay demonstrated that CS-LDL-DOX NPs induced the apoptosis of cancer cells. Autophagy was involved in effects caused by CS-LDL-DOX NPs through blocking AKT/mTOR signaling, which was demonstrated by the analyses of the expression of LC3, p62, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR and p-mTOR.Download high-res image (255KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Wenfei Xiong, Cong Ren, Mo Tian, Xuejun Yang, Jing Li, Bin Li
Food Hydrocolloids 2017 Volume 73(Volume 73) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.06.031
•The complex coacervation of OVA/CMC were investigated.•The formation of OVA/CMC complex coacervates can be promoted with CNaCl<20 mM.•The highest binding constant and enthalpy changes were observed at CNaCl = 20 mM.•The OVA/CMC coacervates displayed the strongest elastic modulus at CNaCl = 20 mM.•CMC 1.2 had stronger protein binding capacity owing to the higher charge density.The objective of this study was to investigate the complex coacervation between ovalbumin (OVA) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with different degrees of substitution (CMC 0.7 and CMC 1.2). Turbidity titration showed that complexes or coacervates could form between OVA and CMC by electrostatic interactions depending on pH changes. Specially, the critical pH values (pHc, pHφ1) increased with the salt ion concentration raising from 0 to 20 mM, while further increasing the ionic strength reduced the formation of complex coacervates. The ITC results also showed that when CNaCl = 20 mM, the complex coacervation between OVA and CMC exhibited the highest stoichiometric ratio and binding constant. When CNaCl≥200 mM, the complex coacervation changed from spontaneous exothermic (ΔG<0, ΔH<0) to endothermic (ΔG<0, ΔH>0) due to the shielding effect by high concentration of salt ions. In addition, dynamic rheological properties showed that the OVA/CMC coacervates displayed the strongest elastic modulus at CNaCl = 20 mM, and the elastic modulus of all samples were greater than the viscous modulus. These findings all suggested a salt-enhanced effect at lower salt concentrations or a salt-reduced effect at higher salt concentrations. On the other hand, the stoichiometric and viscoelastic properties of OVA/CMC 1.2 coacervates were greater than OVA/CMC 0.7 coacervates, indicating that CMC 1.2 had stronger protein binding capacity owing to higher charge density.Download high-res image (77KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Yuntao Wang, Jing Li, Bin Li
Food Hydrocolloids 2017 Volume 63(Volume 63) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 February 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.003
•Porous chitin microspheres were found to load anthocyanins with the largest capacity ever reported.•Strong interaction between chitin microspheres and anthocyanins made it suitable for colon specific delivery.•Complicated interaction between chitin microspheres and anthocyanins led to the large adsorption capacity.Colon specific delivery is one promising way to enhance the bioavailability of anthocyanins. Herein, chitin microspheres with average diameter of 80 μm fabricated via a new way were found to load anthocyanins with predicted capacity based on Langmuir isotherm as much as 2718 ± 54 mg/g under the optimal condition of pH 4, which is the largest amount ever reported. Electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were proved to be the main driving forces for the load of anthocyanins by chitin microspheres. Moreover, less than 30% of the loaded anthocyanins ± were released under the investigated pH range from 1.2 to 6 because of the strong interaction between chitin microspheres and anthocyanins. Finally, it was found about 40% of the loaded anthocyanins was released in the simulated gastrointestinal tract for chitin microspheres. Moreover, after coating the anthocyanins loaded chitin microspheres with a layer of ethyl cellulose, more than 85% loaded anthocyanins were delivered to the colon. All the results revealed that new chitin microspheres were promising carriers for colon specific delivery of bioactive compounds. This work demonstrated an effective new way to utilize original chitin, which is abundant but less researched in the field of food science.Download high-res image (350KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:T.G. Liu, Y.T. Wang, B. Li, H.B. Deng, Z.L. Huang, L.W. Qian, X. Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2017 Volume 174(Volume 174) pp:
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.108
•Chitin was directly utilized to synthesize chitosan-based superabsorbent polymers.•It proposed a green method for preparing SAP without any excess solvent emission.•The DDA seriously affected the yield and water absorption properties.•It confirmed that the graft sites were the NH2 groups of the chitosan units.In order to understand the chemical structure of chitin-based acrylate superabsorbent polymers (SAP), chitin was dissolved in NaOH aqueous solution via freezing-thawing cyclic treatment without urea, subsequently, a transparent hydrogel was prepared by copolymerizing the alkali-chitin solution and acrylic acid directly. The effects of the degree of deacetylation (DDA) and the molecular weight (Mw) of chitin on the properties of SAP were investigated in detail. With increasing the DDA and Mw, the yield improved while the water absorbency decreased, yet the effect of DDA is insignificant if the Mw is smaller enough. The structures were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TG, DSC, XPS, solid-state 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The results indicated that the poly(acrylic acid) chains were successfully grafted onto the chitin backbones, and the reaction sites were the NH2 on the chitosan units. The possible mechanism was further discussed, which was similar to that suggested for chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid) SAP.
Co-reporter:Wenfei Xiong, Yuntao Wang, Chunlan Zhang, Jiawei Wan, Bakht Ramin Shah, Yaqiong Pei, Bin Zhou, Jin Li, Bin Li
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2016 Volume 31() pp:302-309
Publication Date(Web):July 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.014
•The tertiary structure of OVA was changed by the HIUS treatment.•HIUS treatment was significantly improved the emulsifying activity of OVA.•HIUS processing remarkably increased the foaming ability of OVA.•The gelation temperatures of HIUS-treated OVA were increased.Influence of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) on the structure and properties of ovalbumin (OVA) were investigated. It was found that the subunits and secondary structure of OVA did not change significantly with HIUS treatment from the electrophoretic patterns and circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. The amount of free sulfhydryl groups increased and intrinsic fluorescence spectra analysis indicated changes in the tertiary structure and partial unfold of OVA after sonication increased. Compared with the untreated OVA, HIUS treatment increased the emulsifying activity and foaming ability, and decreased interface tension (oil–water and air–water interface), which due to the increased surface hydrophobicity and decreased the surface net charge in OVA, while the emulsifying and foaming stability had no remarkable differences. The increased particle size may be attributed to formation of protein aggregates. Moreover, the gelation temperatures of HIUS-treated samples were higher than the untreated OVA according to the temperature sweep model rheology, and this effect was consistent with the increased in surface hydrophobicity for ultrasound treated OVA. These changes in functional properties of OVA would promote its application in food industry.
Co-reporter:Hongshan Liang, Yaqiong Pei, Jing Li, Wenfei Xiong, Yun He, Shilin Liu, Yan Li and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2016 vol. 6(Issue 37) pp:31374-31385
Publication Date(Web):18 Mar 2016
DOI:10.1039/C6RA02527G
Hydrogen-bonded polyphenol-based assemblies have attracted increasing interest for biomedical applications. Polyphenolic drug-loaded films can be coated on various devices with different shapes and sizes. Here, we report a novel versatile pH-responsive system based on hydrogen-bonded poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/tannin acid (TA) coatings on zein/TA colloidal nanoparticles (zein/TA/PEG NPs). Hydrogen bonding was considered to be the driving force for the coating buildup between PEG and TA, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Because of the reversible/dynamic nature of hydrogen bonding, the release profile of TA was directed by pH value, temperature, ionic strength and TA concentration. The release rate of TA increased with increasing pH and temperature, but decreased with increasing ionic strength. This new drug delivery vehicle could also be used to load hydrophobic and unstable molecules through interacting with zein by hydrophobic interaction to achieve efficient protection. We demonstrated that the hydrophobic molecular nutrient, VD3, can be successfully loaded into zein/TA/PEG NPs with high encapsulation efficiency. Photostability against UV light was significantly improved after encapsulation. The encapsulated VD3 could be regulated not only by the pH of the solutions but also by TA concentration.
Co-reporter:Hongshan Liang, Jing Li, Yun He, Wei Xu, Shilin Liu, Yan Li, Yijie Chen, and Bin Li
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 2016 Volume 2(Issue 3) pp:317
Publication Date(Web):January 13, 2016
DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00363
Here, we reported a designable pH-responsive system on the basis of coordination bonded metal-tannic acid (TA) networks on zein/quaternized chitosan (HTCC) nanoparticles (NPs). Zein/HTCC NPs has been developed as a promising delivery system for natural bioactives in our lab previously. The coordination bonds between either the “NH2-metal” or the “metal-TA” are sensitive to pH variations that would release encapsulated drugs under designated pH conditions. Metal-TA film-coated zein/HTCC NPs had a spherical structure with particle size of 110–120 nm. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a model anticancer drug for release study and cell viability. The in vitro release profile of DOX loaded metal-TA films coated zein/HTCC NPs (DOX-zein/HTCC-TA/metal NPs) showed a significant pH-responsiveness when changing the amount or the type of metal ions. In in vitro cell assays, the blank zein/HTCC-TA/metal NPs showed low cytotoxicity, but the DOX-loaded NPs exhibited a high cytotoxic activity against HepG2. To impart enhanced imaging properties of metal-TA films, we used EuIII to chelate with ligand named 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) to intense fluorescence intensities of EuIII-TA films so as to develop pH-responsive zein/HTCC-TA/metal NPs for anticancer drug delivery as well as cell imaging.Keywords: cell imaging; coordination bonding; drug delivery; nanoparticles; pH-responsive
Co-reporter:Jing Tian, Hu Tu, Xiaowen Shi, Xiaoying Wang, Hongbing Deng, Bin Li, Yumin Du
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2016 Volume 145() pp:643-652
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.008
•Nanofibers were deposited with bilayer of CS/EGCG or CS-REC/EGCG via LBL technique.•The addition of REC improved EE and LC of EGCG onto nanofibers.•The addition of REC facilitated sustained release of EGCG from nanofibers.•(CS/EGCG)n- and (CS-REC/EGCG)n-coated cellulose nanofiber had antimicrobial effect.•The addition of REC enhanced the inhibition of CS and EGCG on bacterial growth.Cellulose electrospun nanofibrous mats coated with bilayers of chitosan (CS) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) or with bilayers of CS-rectorite (REC) composite (CS-REC) and EGCG were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. LBL-structured cellulose nanofibers still maintained three-dimension fiber structure according to the observation from scanning electron microscopy images. The average diameter of nanofibers were enlarged with the addition of REC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the deposition of CS and CS-REC onto the corresponding mats. The tensile strength and rate of elongation at break of LBL-structured nanofibers had no difference from those of uncoated nanofibers. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of nanofibers were enhanced in the presence of REC. In addition the in-vitro cumulative release profiles of EGCG indicate that the addition of REC delayed the release of EGCG. Antimicrobial assay demonstrated the inhibitory effects of CS and EGCG on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile the CS-REC composites improved the antimicrobial effects of CS and EGCG by adsorption of bacteria to the surface of REC then enhancement of exposure of bacteria to EGCG and the matrix of CS.
Co-reporter:Hongshan Liang, Qingrong Huang, Bin Zhou, Lei He, Liufeng Lin, Yaping An, Yan Li, Shilin Liu, Yijie Chen and Bin Li
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015 vol. 3(Issue 16) pp:3242-3253
Publication Date(Web):20 Feb 2015
DOI:10.1039/C4TB01920B
In this work, biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) were assembled with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and zein to produce zein–CMC NPs. Paclitaxel (PTX) was 95.5% encapsulated at a zein–CMC weight ratio of 1:3 and the NPs were spherical with an average particle size of approximately 159.4 nm, with the PTX concentration maintained at 80 μg mL−1. The NPs demonstrated good stability over a broad range of pH ranging from 3.7 to 11.0. The zein–CMC NPs were seen to provide a sustained release of PTX for up to 72 h, which led to an 80% release of the total loaded PTX in vitro. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry studies showed that the zein–CMC NPs could effectively transport encapsulated molecules into both drug-sensitive (HepG2 cells) and drug-resistant cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). Moreover, in vitro viability studies revealed that the PTX-loaded zein–CMC NPs had greater potency than free PTX in the PTX resistant MCF-7 cells at higher concentration. Furthermore, PTX-loaded NPs displayed obvious efficiency in the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Zein–CMC NPs have shown significant potential as a highly versatile and potent platform for cancer therapy.
Co-reporter:Xiaoguo Zhao, Jing Li, Weiping Jin, Xiaopeng Geng, Wei Xu, Ting Ye, Jieqiong Lei, Bin Li, Ling Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2015 Volume 117() pp:1-10
Publication Date(Web):6 March 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.038
•Coating chitosan on konjac glucomannan by physical grind method.•K/C powders showed pH-dependent rheological and swelling behaviors.•Increased coated-chitosan content, reduced viscosity of K/C powders.•K/C powders broadened the applications of KGM in food and pH-specific systems.The purpose of this study was to prepare a kind of novel pH-response dietary fiber from chitosan-coated konjac glucomannan (KGM) powders (KGM/Chitosan or K/C powders) by a physical grind method. The K/C powders were selectively soluble in aqueous solutions of different pH. Meanwhile, the coated chitosan could largely decrease the viscosity of KGM in neutral condition, which is the main limitation for KGM application in food industry. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), swelling ability and rheological measurements were utilized to characterize the performance of K/C powders. K/C powders exhibited much higher viscosity and swelling ability in acidic condition than in neutral condition. Therefore, this study will extend the application of KGM in food industry and in other pH-specific applications as well.
Co-reporter:Zhenshun Li, Wei Xu, Yuntao Wang, Bakht Ramin Shah, Chunlan Zhang, Yijie Chen, Yan Li, Bin Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2015 Volume 121() pp:477-485
Publication Date(Web):5 May 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.016
•The quantum dots loaded nanogels were formed with a simple method.•The cytotoxicity of the quantum dots loaded nanogels was diminished comparing with free quantum dots.•The quantum dots loaded nanogels may be used as fluorescence probes and drug carriers.Nanogels (NGs) with drug tracking and delivery possess promising usage in clinical treatment. In this study, an available, low toxic and facile approach was developed to synthesize CdTe quantum dots loaded nanogels (QDs-NGs). The QDs-NGs retained the intrinsic pH sensitivity of the QDs with regard to the fluorescence intensity. The QDs-NGs were easily internalized by the cells as fluorescence probes, and acted as carriers for delivering methotrexate (MTX). The cellular uptake indicated that the QDs-NGs can protect QDs from decomposition in cytoplasm and retain the native fluorescence intensity. MTT assay demonstrated that the QDs-NGs greatly decreased the cytotoxicity of the QDs. The MTX loaded QDs-NGs exhibited slow release property in PBS buffer. Moreover, the MTX loaded QDs-NGs distinctly enhanced the availability of drug. The QDs-NGs are potential nanocarriers for the cell imaging and drug delivery.
Co-reporter:Shuxin Ye, Weiping Jin, Qing Huang, Ying Hu, Bakht Ramin Shah, Shilin Liu, Yan Li and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 52) pp:41877-41886
Publication Date(Web):01 May 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA03757C
Hybrid materials were obtained by immobilizing Fe and Mn oxides (FMBO) into a konjac glucomannan (KGM) based aerogel matrix to remove arsenite from water. Composite adsorbents were prepared through a coupling sol–gel process with a suitable freeze-drying technique. The KGM aerogels were employed as the framework and FMBO as the coating materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for the characterization of the hybrid aerogels. The adsorption of As(III) by the composite aerogels decreased with increasing pH. Isotherms were well predicted by Freundlich behavior, implying the heterogeneous nature of the As(III) adsorption. The maximum As(III) uptake capacity reached 30.33 mg g−1 at the FMBO/KGM ratio of 1.5:1 at pH 7 and 323 K. The effects of coexisting anions including Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, SiO32−, PO43− as well as natural organic matter, which possibly exist in natural water, on As(III) removal were also investigated. The hybrid adsorbents could be easily regenerated by using NaOH solution, exhibiting excellent practicability and reusability. Furthermore, XPS analysis of composite aerogels before and after the reaction confirmed the oxidation–sorption mechanism for As(III) removal. This research extends the potential applicability of KGM-based aerogels and provides an eco-friendly and convenient approach to efficiently remove trace As(III) from aqueous solutions.
Co-reporter:Weiping Jin, Wei Xu, Honghe Ge, Yan Li and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 34) pp:26496-26503
Publication Date(Web):09 Mar 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA02566D
A facile method for the one-step synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) supported on tannic acid (TA) and gelatin self-assembled nanoparticles at room temperature was proposed. Tannic acid, a kind of polyphenol extracted from plants, could be self-assembled into nanoparticles with gelatin by strong hydrophobic interactions. This self-assembly nanoparticle acted as a reductant and stabilizer and was shown to be a good nano reactor for in situ synthesis of AuNPs. The stabilized AuNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform-infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The average size of the AuNPs was about 10 nm with a spherical shape. The reduction process of AuNPs was accompanied by the oxidation of polyphenol hydroxyl groups. Surprisingly, we found the oil–water interfacial behavior of polyphenol/gelatin nanoparticles had significant changes after AuNPs synthesis on the surface. Dynamic interfacial rheology tests revealed that AuNPs decreased the interfacial tension and enhanced the moduli of surface dilatational.
Co-reporter:Bin Zhou, Xing Jin, Hongshan Liang, Jing Li, Shilin Liu, Yan Li, Yijie Chen and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 34) pp:26965-26971
Publication Date(Web):10 Mar 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA01483B
Electrospinning nanofibrous mats are extensively studied as efficient two-dimensional nanomaterials and applied in the fields of filtration, catalysis, and biosensors due to their flexibility and porosity. In this article, gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) loaded composite nanofibers were fabricated by a simple method, which consisted of the preparation of the nanofibers by electrospinning, the deposition of tannic acid (TA) on the surface of the nanofibers via layer-by-layer assembly and the reduction of the AuNPs on the nanofibrous mats. The as-prepared nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The results revealed that AuNPs were successfully generated on the nanofibers without aggregation. In addition, by adjusting the number of the bilayers in the assembly process, the content of gold supported on the nanofibrous mats could be easily controlled. The catalytic performance of the hybrid nanofibrous mats on the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with sodium borohydride was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). Notably, the hybrid composite nanofibrous mats could be easily separated from the reaction mixture.
Co-reporter:Hongshan Liang, Bin Zhou, Lei He, Yaping An, Liufeng Lin, Yan Li, Shilin Liu, Yijie Chen and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 18) pp:13891-13900
Publication Date(Web):09 Jan 2015
DOI:10.1039/C4RA14270E
In this article, we report the successful assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) from a water-soluble chitosan (CS) derivative (N-(2-hydroxyl)propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride, HTCC) and zein via a low-energy phase separation method. The fabricated NPs were investigated for the first time to encapsulate and protect curcumin (Cur). The particle size and zeta potential of the zein–HTCC NPs varied from 66 to 170 nm and +36.3 to +62.5 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was greatly improved to 94.9% after HTCC coating, compared with 85.2% that using zein as a single encapsulant. The microstructure of the NPs was revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The physicochemical and structural analysis showed that the electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds were the major forces responsible for the formation of NPs. The encapsulation forms were evaluated for their efficiency in overcoming Cur's heat and UV sensitivity, which improve the stability about 2.7 fold, 3.5 fold and 2.5 fold when disposed with 60 °C treatment for 30 min, 80 °C treatment for 1 min and ultraviolet radiation for 2 h, respectively at zein–HTCC1 = 1:1. The results of the stability and DPPH assays indicated that the bioactivity was being protected upon encapsulation. Zein–HTCC NPs are believed to be promising delivery systems for the supplementation or treatment of hydrophobic nutrients or drugs.
Co-reporter:Zhenshun Li;Shaolong Wan;Wei Xu;Yuntao Wang;Bakht Ramin Shah;Weiping Jin;Yijie Chen
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2015 Volume 132( Issue 17) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.41893
ABSTRACT
Robust and facile strategies are required to fabricate film with high luminescence for application in the fields of biomaterials. In this study, the luminescent electrospinning cellulose fibrous mats were decorated with CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) using layer by layer (LBL). The characterizations of the LBL films coated mats were executed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The luminescent intensities were linearly increased with adding the amount of deposited bilayers. The green fabricated (QDs/PDDA)n coated mat through physical interactions is a promising luminescent material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41893.
Co-reporter:Lei He, Hongshan Liang, Liufeng Lin, Bakht Ramin Shah, Yan Li, Yijie Chen, Bin Li
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2015 Volume 126() pp:288-296
Publication Date(Web):1 February 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.024
•A simple and green approach was developed to produce a novel LDL/CMC nanogel via self-assembly.•DOX was effectively encapsulated into the nanogels with an exceptionally high encapsulation efficiency.•The release of DOX from DOX-LDL/CMC nanogels was pH-dependent.•DOX-loaded nanogels effectively deliver the drug to cancer cells via endocytosis.In this study, a simple and green approach was developed to produce a novel nanogel via self-assembly of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), to efficiently deliver doxorubicin (DOX) to cancer cells. Under optimal conditions, the stable nanogels were of spherical shape with an average diameter of about 90 nm, PDI < 0.3 and a zeta potential −35 mV. Furthermore, the cationic anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX) was effectively encapsulated into LDL/CMC nanogels with an exceptionally high encapsulation efficiency of ∼98%. The release of DOX from DOX-LDL/CMC nanogels was pH-dependent, and DOX was released at a quicker rate at pH 6.2 than at pH 7.4. Importantly, the DOX-LDL/CMC nanogels were shown to effectively kill cancer cells in vitro. The IC50 of the DOX-LDL/CMC nanogels in HeLa and HepG2 cells was approximately 2.45 and 1.72 times higher than that of free DOX. The slightly reduced antitumor efficacy was primarily due to the less cellular uptake of the DOX-LDL/CMC nanogels, which was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and flow cytometry analysis. The high DOX payload and pH-dependent drug release rendered LDL/CMC nanogels as an efficient carrier for doxorubicin and possibly be used for other cationic drugs in different biomedical applications.
Co-reporter:Yuntao Wang, Yan Li, Shilin Liu, Bin Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2015 120() pp: 53-59
Publication Date(Web):20 April 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.005
•Novel chitin microspheres (CM) were fabricated employing the sol–gel transition (SGT) method.•The immobilized α-amylase on chitin microsphere retained more than 95% of relative activity after 10 repeated cycles.•The swollen porous chitin microsphere successfully immobilized and controlled the growth of gold nanoparticles.•Magnetic chitin microspheres were modified into an adsorbent for enhanced removal of methylene blue.In this study, novel chitin microspheres (CM) with diameters of 1010 μm, 750 μm, 490 μm, 280 μm were fabricated by employing the sol–gel transition method. Then the chitin microspheres served as the enabling platform for a range of applications including recyclable catalyst support and adsorbent. First, the freeze dried porous chitin microspheres were coated with dopamine to enhance the loading efficiency of a model biomacromolecule, α-amylase. The immobilized enzyme (49.6 mg/g) retained more than 95% of relative activity after 10 repeated cycles and exhibited easy recovery ability. Then porous magnetic chitin microspheres could be prepared, and the swollen porous polymer successfully controlled the growth of gold nanoparticles. The chitin/Au nanocomposite microspheres were a good recyclable catalyst due to the porous structure and a reduced dimension of the metal particles (r ≤ 5 nm). Finally, the magnetic chitin microspheres were modified into an adsorbent for enhanced removal of a typical cationic compound, methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Co-reporter:Wei Xu, Weiping Jin, Chunlan Zhang, Hongshan Liang, Bakht Ramin Shah, Bin Li
Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2015 Volume 6(Issue 2) pp:75-82
Publication Date(Web):October 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.09.004
Self-aggregation behaviors of κ-carrageenan/lysozyme (CRG/Ly) complex inducing by intrinsic and extrinsic factors were investigated form macro and micro aspects, including the ratio, pH, temperature and salt. High Ly content promote aggregation behavior of CRG/Ly complex, while CRG played a suppressive role. Except for CRY5, the complex displayed nano-size distribution. Both CRG addition and the self-aggregation behavior could enhance the thermal stability of Ly. Low ζ-potential induced by pH made the CRG/Ly complex easy to self-aggregate into structure with large size due to the gradual association of complex to form lager interpolymeric complexes. The tunable process means to control the dissociation and association behavior between interpolymeric complexes and soluble complex by pH. All systems shared high NaCl tolerance and presented stable transmittance. Heat-induced self-aggregation exhibited a temperature and polymers ratios dependant manner. The mechanisms of environment induced self-aggregation into interpolymeric complexes reflected the re-balanced physical interaction when they suffered from any treatment. Controlling and regulating self-aggregation behavior of protein/polysaccharide system could enrich the soft structures from food respective and also provide practical theory for food process.
Co-reporter:Ting Ye, Ling Wang, Wei Xu, Jinjin Liu, Yuntao Wang, Kunkun Zhu, Sujuan Wang, Bin Li, Chao Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 99() pp:173-179
Publication Date(Web):2 January 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.038
•75% DMSO treatment helps to increase the viscosity of KGM.•DMSO dissolves impurities of konjac flour to achieve higher transparency.•DMSO refined konjac flour possesses evenly distributed small pits on the surface.•The best improvement occurs when KGM is refined by DMSO at 70 °C.In this paper, an approach to improve several konjac flour (KF) qualities by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) addition using various concentrations at different temperature levels was proposed. Also, various properties of native and refined KF, including transparency, chemical composition and rheological properties have been investigated. The results showed that the KF refined by 75% DMSO achieved 27.7% improvement in transparency, 99.7% removal of starch, 99.4% removal of soluble sugar, and 98.2% removal of protein as well as more satisfactory viscosity stability. In addition, the morphology structure of refined KF showed a significant difference compared with the native one as observed using the SEM, which is promising for further industrial application. Furthermore, the rheological properties of both native and refined konjac sols were studied and the results showed that DMSO refinement is an effective and alternative approach to improve the qualities of KF in many aspects.
Co-reporter:Shishuai Wang, Yingfei Zhan, Xiaofang Wu, Ting Ye, Yan Li, Ling Wang, Yijie Chen, Bin Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 101() pp:499-504
Publication Date(Web):30 January 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.090
•KGM with different DD could be well dissolved in 10 wt% urea solutions at −4 °C.•The zero-shear viscosity decreased with the increase of DD.•The da-KGM gel formed easily at high concentration of sample.•The da-KGM gel formed easily at low temperature.Deacetylation adversely affected the solubility of konjac glucomannan (KGM). Herein the dissolution behavior of deacetylated KGM (da-KGM) was studied in 10 wt% urea solution at various temperatures. KGM with different degrees of deacetylation (DD) could be well dissolved at −4 °C. Low temperature was conducive to the dissolution of da-KGM. The result from steady shear showed that the zero-shear viscosity decreased with the increase of DD, with the rheological model being conformed to the Cross equation. Dynamic viscoelastic properties indicated the da-KGM gel formed more easily with increasing concentration, or decreasing temperature and DD. Temperature sweep revealed that gel process could be divided into two stages. The first stage was that both storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) fell until the temperature reached 90 °C. The second stage was that G′ and G″ increased abruptly, presenting the transition from sol to gel.
Co-reporter:Weiping Jin, Ting Mei, Yuntao Wang, Wei Xu, Jing Li, Bin Zhou, Bin Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 99() pp:270-277
Publication Date(Web):2 January 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.029
•Alkaline and thermal treatments were simultaneously used to degrade KGM.•The kinetic of alkaline-thermal hydrolysis KGM had been established.•Alkaline hydrolysis and deacetylation have a synergistic effect on the degradation.The application of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in the food industry is always limited by its high viscosity. Hereby, low-viscosity KGM was prepared by alkaline-thermal degradation method. This process was demonstrated by the changes of average molecular weight and a kinetic model was developed. The results revealed that high alkalinity and high temperature had a synergetic effect on degradation. The structure of hydrolysates was evaluated by periodate oxidation and their fluidly properties were researched by rheology measurements. The degradation was divided into two regimes. The rate of the first regime (within 1 h) is higher than that of the second one (last 1 h). It is found that alkaline hydrolysis and deacetylation have a synergistic effect on the degradation under high alkalinity (pH 9.2) and low temperature condition (25 °C). Finally, rheology parameters showed alkaline-thermal degradation is a promising way that can be applied in practice to degrade KGM.
Co-reporter:Wei Xu, Sujuan Wang, Ting Ye, Weiping Jin, Jinjin Liu, Jieqiong Lei, Bin Li, Chao Wang
Food Chemistry 2014 Volume 158() pp:171-176
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.093
•A simple method is developed by phase separation triggered by temperature.•Impurities are removed through magnified solubility differences.•Temperature combined with ethanol-washing is studied.•Physicochemical properties and purity of KGM could be controlled by temperature.A simple one-step purification process was provided to extract KGM from KF by phase separation. The results showed that appropriate temperature control was a key factor and the products were inodorous, colourless and of high purity at the optimal temperature 68 °C. In this purification, soluble sugar and starch of extracted KGM were nearly clearly reduced and up to 95%, 80% (T68) of protein and ash were removed, respectively as compared with KF. Odour and transparency were improved 4 ranks and 30%, respectively. Besides, the ηapp reached 42.30 Pa s and increased by 93.55% as compared, which could stay at a steady level for a week. Furthermore, morphology of extracted KGM displayed regular lamellar and wrinkling distribution for removed impurities. The temperature-controlled method not only enriches the knowledge of KGM purification but also has the potential to broaden the application of KGM.
Co-reporter:Shishuai Wang, Xiaofang Wu, Yuntao Wang, Yan Li, Ling Wang, Yijie Chen and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2014 vol. 4(Issue 42) pp:21918-21923
Publication Date(Web):29 Apr 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4RA01491J
Deacetylation adversely affected the solubility of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in water; however, KGM with different degrees of deacetylation could be well dissolved in 9 wt% potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) solution at −4 °C. The dissolution behavior and the mechanism of the dissolution of deacetylated KGM (da-KGM) were studied in detail. The results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and viscometry demonstrated the existence of KSCN hydrate at low temperatures. With increasing KSCN concentration, the number of bound water molecules per KSCN molecule decreased. Low temperature aided the disintegration of da-KGM molecular chains, prevented the approach of da-KGM molecules toward each other and prompted the binding of da-KGM and KSCN hydrate to form a larger complex by hydrogen bonding. The result of CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated that KSCN could be a non-derivative solvent of da-KGM since neither obvious changes in molecular chain structure occurred, nor new derivatives generated after the dissolution of da-KGM.
Co-reporter:Bin Zhou, Xing Jin, Jing Li, Wei Xu, Shilin Liu, Yan Li and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2014 vol. 4(Issue 97) pp:54517-54524
Publication Date(Web):17 Oct 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4RA09548K
Layer-by-layer assembled films have been exploited for functional materials. Tannic acid with previously confirmed antibacterial and antioxidant potentials was deposited on cellulose nanofibrous mats. The LbL assembly technique allowed sufficient binding of TA and AgNPs–Lys to the supporting substrate via hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions. The properties and morphology of the AgNPs–Lys/TA multilayer assembly membranes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial and antioxidant activities were examined as well. The hybrid composite films have potential application in food packing and wound dressing, and tissue engineering, etc.
Co-reporter:Wei Xu, Weiping Jin, Ying Hu, Shilin Liu and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2014 vol. 4(Issue 67) pp:35268-35271
Publication Date(Web):06 Aug 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4RA06744D
The tunable pH-dependent lysozyme/xanthan gum nanogels were fabricated under alkali-coupled thermal treatment conditions. The nanogels could be self-assembled into superstructures with different controlled sizes as the pH value of the system was regulated.
Co-reporter:Jing Li, Ting Ye, Bin Zhou and Bin Li
RSC Advances 2014 vol. 4(Issue 42) pp:22251-22254
Publication Date(Web):12 May 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4RA03165B
Low density and foam-like aerogels based on abundant renewable konjac glucomannan and montmorillonite clay were prepared by a facile freeze-drying process. The amount of montmorillonite and alkali added into the aerogel and the freezing temperature greatly influenced the properties of the aerogel.
Co-reporter:Bin Zhou, Yan Li, Hongbing Deng, Ying Hu, Bin Li
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2014 Volume 116() pp:432-438
Publication Date(Web):1 April 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.016
Negatively charged gold nanoparticles (GNP) and positively charged lysozyme (Lys) were alternately deposited on negatively charged cellulose mats via layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. The fabricated multilayer films were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). Morphology of the LBL film coated mats was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal degradation properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, the result of microbial inhibition assay indicated that the composite nanofibrous mats had excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which could be used for antimicrobial packing, tissue engineering, wound dressing, etc.
Co-reporter:Jieqiong Lei, Lingxiao Yang, Yingfei Zhan, Yuntao Wang, Ting Ye, Yan Li, Hongbing Deng, Bin Li
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2014 Volume 114() pp:60-66
Publication Date(Web):1 February 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.052
•Surface morphology and surface chemical composition of the samples were tested.•The assembled films had good antimicrobial activities.•Release profiles of the antimicrobials under different conditions were studied.In this study, polyethylene terephthalate/polypropylene (PET/PP) films were treated via atmospheric pressure plasma, assembled with chitosan and various preservatives and applied for antimicrobial food packaging. Surface properties of these obtained films were studied by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy (ATM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and dynamic laser scattering (DLS). The above results showed that the surface hydrophilicity and roughness of the films increased after the plasma treatment. Besides, chitosan and the preservatives were successfully assembled onto the surface of the films. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of the films against three kinds of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) were investigated and the results indicated that the inhibition ratios against B. subtilis and E. coli reached almost 100% while the inhibition ratios against S. aureus were lower than 85%. Moreover, the accumulative release profiles of the antimicrobial substances migrating from the assembled films into the release solutions revealed that their release speed increased with the increment of temperature and acidity, but decreased with enhancing the ionic strength regulated by sodium chloride or with lowering the ionic mobility regulated by sucrose.
Co-reporter:Tingguo Liu, Liwu Qian, Bin Li, Jing Li, Kunkun Zhu, Hongbing Deng, Xiaohong Yang, Xin Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 94(Issue 1) pp:261-271
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.010
A modified freezing–thawing cyclic (FTC) process was applied to dissolve the chitin in NaOH/urea solution. A transparent homogeneous solution was obtained. It was utilized directly for preparing the superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) by grafting copolymerization under static solution conditions without nitrogen protection. The acrylic acid was used conveniently without prior neutralization. The final products existed as hydrogels without excess reagent emissions. The adsorption capacity and yield of SAP that was prepared in the optimum conditions was 2833 g/g and 81.65%, respectively, higher than one-time FTC program prepared with 2527 g/g and 15.44%. Furthermore, it formed a uniform and transparent gel without any residual chitin particles. The regenerated chitin and SAPs were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TG. The samples prepared by the new method presented a more amorphous state with good thermal stability, suggesting that this convenient preparation method for a potential industrial application's pathway.Highlights► Chitin was dissolved in NaOH/urea solution and directly involved in synthesis reaction. ► Chitin based superabsorbent was synthesized under homogeneous conditions with better water absorption properties. ► Acrylic acid used directly without prior neutralization with NaOH. ► The polymerization reaction can carry out in a small beaker without nitrogen protection. ► Products exist as hydrogel without excess reagent emissions, which is conducive to reducing the environmental pollution.
Co-reporter:Xuezhu Du, Lingxiao Yang, Xiao Ye, Bin Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 92(Issue 2) pp:1302-1307
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.006
Antibacterial activity of glucomannan/chitosan (KGM/CHI) blend films and their irradiation-modified counterparts were tested. The KGM/CHI blend films after irradiation showed good antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity of the blend films increased with the increase of the content of chitosan. After different dose irradiation, there was no obvious change in the antibacterial effects against St. aureus of the blend films, but the antibacterial effects against E. coli and P. aeruginosa increased significantly.Highlights► Antibacterial activity of KGM/CHI blend films and their irradiated counterparts were tested. ► Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa also increased after the irradiation. ► KC2-25 is a promising biomedical material for its good mechanical properties, biocompatibility.
Co-reporter:Shishuai Wang;Xuan Kuang;Xiaofang Wu ;Ting Huang
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2013 Volume 127( Issue 1) pp:612-619
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.37828
Abstract
An improved chilled meat pad consisting of nonwoven fabric containing essential oils or active powders, coated by a sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) layer was prepared successfully. In the formation of CMCNa film, effects of four acids and pH were examined to obtain optimal results in terms of water, saline, and simulative blood sorption. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to evaluate the CMCNa film. Also, antimicrobial activities were examined in relation to water loss, aerobic bacterial count, and pH. When the pH value was 4.6 adjusted by citric acid, CMCNa film had the largest absorbent capacity. In the first 6 days, pads with essential oils were superior to pads with powders but inhibiting effect decreased with essential oil releasing. The pad with clove powder gained the best inhibiting effect and could extend the shelf life of chilled meat to 10 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Co-reporter:Rukun Song, Jinjiao Yan, Shasha Xu, Yuntao Wang, Ting Ye, Jing Chang, Hongbing Deng, Bin Li
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2013 Volume 108() pp:322-328
Publication Date(Web):1 August 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.008
•PAN nanofibrous mats were pre-modified by silver ions.•Characterizations of LBL films coated nanofibrous mats.•The LBL structured mats exhibited little cytotoxicity.•The LBL structured mats had improved antibacterial activity.The CN groups of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) can strongly adsorb silver ions. The possibility of using this attraction as a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly driving force was investigated. Firstly, the surface of the PAN nanofibrous mats was modified by silver ions to make sure it was positively charged. Then oppositely charged ovalbumin (OVA) and silver ions in aqueous media were alternatively deposited onto the surface of the obtained composite mats by layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. The morphology of the LBL films coating mats was observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The deposition of silver ions and OVA was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal degradation properties were investigated by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Besides these, the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of the prepared mats were studied via flow cytometry (FCM) and inhibition zone test, respectively. The results showed that the composite mats after LBL self-assembly processing exhibited improved thermal stability, slightly decreased cytotoxicity, and excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus.
Co-reporter:Xu S. Sha, Zhang J. Xiang, Li Bin, Li Jing, Zhou Bin, Yan J. Jiao, Song R. Kun
Food Chemistry 2012 Volume 134(Issue 1) pp:149-154
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.081
Early indica rice was chemically modified via acetylation to make modified food starch products with high contents of resistant starch. High contents of RS4 (type 4 resistant starch) of the products were measured. The result showed that the RS4 content increased obviously via acetylation. Acetylated starch was studied by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The starch granules were destroyed as observed by SEM. The X-ray diffraction data showed that the crystal structure of acetylated starch with low degree of substitution changed slightly and a part of crystallite structure (2θ 18°) was destroyed when the acetyl content was more than 3.25%. The heat of crystalloid fusion, gelatinization temperature, and gelatinization enthalpy all decreased (DSC) as the degree of substitution increased. SEM, XRD and DSC indicated that the resistance to enzymatic degradation of acetylated starch depended on the degree of substitution and the integrity of starch granules.Highlights► We prepared one kind of resistant starch (RS4) via acetylation. ► We investigated the optimum conditions for production of the highest RS4 content. ► We researched the physical characteristics of the acetylated starch.
Co-reporter:T. Mei;X. Xu;B. Li;J. Li;B. Cui;B. Zhou ;W. Ablaye
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2012 Volume 125( Issue 2) pp:1363-1370
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.35247
Abstract
The rheological kinetics of konjac glucomannan and gellan gum mixed sols were studied using rotational concentric cylinder viscometer. The effects of polymers weight ratio, shear rate, and temperature were systematically investigated. The curves showed a Newtonian plateau followed by strong shear thinning that can be described by a power law dependence on the shear rate. The dynamic viscoelastic character was evaluated by measurements of small-deformation oscillatory. After adding some cations, the mixed sols turned into mixed gels. The contribution of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ at different concentration was also evaluated by texture analysis. The results reveal a strong dependence of the structural properties of different samples on their preparation conditions. A fine turning of the properties of the mixed sols is possible through the change of the temperature preparation and/or the polymer weight ratio. The texture properties of the mixed gels were also possibly influenced significantly by the cations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Co-reporter:Bin Li, Bijun Xie, John F. Kennedy
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 86(Issue 3) pp:1421
Publication Date(Web):30 August 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.036
Co-reporter:Jian Chen, Jing Li, Bin Li
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 86(Issue 2) pp:865-871
Publication Date(Web):15 August 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.025
Gelation behaviors of konjac glucomannan (KGM) samples with different degree of deacetylation (DD) obtained using a heterogeneous deacetylation method were studied by rheological measurement to probe the effect of degree of deacetylation on hydrophobic association. Compared to polysaccharides whose gelation mechanism is known, we speculate hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction are both presented in KGM gelation and hydrophobic interaction plays a more important role with increasing DD. Hydrophobic characteristic of partially deacetylated KGM (DD was circa 50%) was confirmed using the lyotropic series of salts, suggesting the magnitude of hydrophobic interaction is dependent on DD of KGM. Furthermore, the effect of lyotropic series of salts on gelation behavior of KGM was clarified from a molecular level.Highlights► Effect of deacetylation of konjac glucomannan on hydrophobic association was studied. ► We speculate hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction are both presented in KGM gelation. ► Hydrophobic characteristic of partially deacetylated KGM was confirmed. ► Effect of lyotropic series of salts on gelation behavior of KGM was clarified from a molecular level.
Co-reporter:B. Li, J. Li, J. Xia, J.F. Kennedy, X. Yie, T.G. Liu
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 83(Issue 1) pp:44-51
Publication Date(Web):1 January 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.017
Konjac glucomannan and chitosan blend films with different blend ratio were gamma irradiated up to 80 kGy, The mechanical properties achieved their maximum under 25 kGy dose, the tensile strength and breaking elongation of KC2 were enhanced about 40% and 30%, respectively. No change occurred in the primary group such as hydroxyl and acetyl of the blend films during irradiation. The effect of irradiation decreased with the increase of konjac glucomannan content, and the blend film KC2 irradiated by 25 kGy had the highest cystallinity. The miscibility of KGM and CHI in the blend film also played an important role in keeping its morphology, in addition to the content of chitosan when the films were irradiated. 25 kGy gamma irradiation was not only a useful sterilization method for the film biomaterial but also an efficient modification method for enhancing the properties of KC2.
Co-reporter:S. Liang, B. Li, Y. Ding, B.L. Xu, J. Chen, B. Zhu, M.H. Ma, J.F. Kennedy, C.J. Knill
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 83(Issue 3) pp:1062-1067
Publication Date(Web):30 January 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.026
Investigation of molecular interactions between konjac gum and other hydrocolloids was performed by comparison of apparent measured viscosity (ηm), and those determined using the concentration addition (ηc) and viscosity addition (ηv) methods. Results could be divided into five distinct interaction levels, namely xanthan gum (ηm > ηc > ηv) > guar gum (ηm ≈ ηc > ηv) > carrageenan, sodium alginate, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (ηc > ηm > ηv) > methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (ηc > ηm ≈ ηv) > gum arabic (ηc > ηv > ηm). By far the strongest, and the only true synergistic, interaction was observed with konjac/xanthan (ηm > ηc > ηv). In all other blend systems, except konjac/gum arabic, measured viscosities lay within the bounds defined by CAM and VAM, and revealed relationships for describing blend behaviour that will assist in prediction of hydrocolloid blend viscosities at finite concentrations.
Co-reporter:Tingguo Liu, Bin Li, Xiaodong Zheng, Shen Liang, Xue Song, Bo Zhu, John. F. Kennedy, Jun Xia
Carbohydrate Polymers 2010 Volume 82(Issue 3) pp:753-760
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.047
Chitin powder was soaked in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (45%, w/w), and freezed at −18/−35 °C for further modification (the ratio of chitin and sodium hydroxide solution was 1:10, w/v). The degree of deacetylation (DDA) was determined by acid–base titration while the structural changes of the regenerated chitin after alkali-freezing treatment were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the formation and growth of ice crystal during the slowly freezing process could break the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, disorganize the ordered molecular structure, destruct the compact crystal structure and decline the crystallinity. However, such structural damage was unstable and reversible. Nevertheless, the study explained that the alkali-freezing treatment was beneficial for further modification of chitin, which could significantly promote its solubility and accelerate the chemical reaction rate, while it could also keep its main molecular chains completely.
Co-reporter:J. Liu;B. Li;B. Zhu;R.H. Fu;L.N. Yuan;W. Huang ;M.H. Ma
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2010 Volume 115( Issue 3) pp:1503-1509
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.31123
Abstract
A series of novel blend films of deacetylated konjac glucomannan (d-KGM) and Chitosan hydrochloride (CHI·HCl) were prepared successfully by using the solvent-casting technique with different blending ratios of the two polymers. The miscibility and aggregation structure of the blend films were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the blend system of d-KGM and CHI·HCl had a conditional miscibility. A new crystal occurred and hydrogen-bonding interaction was strengthened when the CHI·HCl content in the blend films was 40%. The effects of deacetylation degree of KGM, acids (the solvent Chitosan dissolved in), temperature, and the mix ratio on the swelling behavior of the blend films were also studied. The blend film KC3 (CHI·HCl content in the blend films was 30%) had not only the highest equilibrium swelling degree (26 times) but also the highest tensile strength, and it could be regarded as a potential absorbent film material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Co-reporter:T.G. Liu, B. Li, W. Huang, B. Lv, J. Chen, J.X. Zhang, L.P. Zhu
Carbohydrate Polymers 2009 Volume 77(Issue 1) pp:110-117
Publication Date(Web):22 May 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.006
The influences of alkaline concentration, cold-treatment temperature, cold- and heat-treatment method, reaction time and the ration of chitin powder to NaOH solution on the N-deacetylation of shrimp chitin were investigated. The effects of the alkaline concentration, cold- and heat-treatment method and reaction time were significant; nevertheless, the effects of temperature and the ration of chitin to solution were insignificant. The N-deacetylation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The apparent rate constants of the reaction ranged from 3.3 × 10−3 h−1 to 22.8 × 10−3 h−1, and the apparent activation energy was preliminary estimated about 9.76 kJ/mol at aqueous 35% NaOH solution, in the temperature range of −5 to −35 °C, which was much lower than that of previous literatures. The effect of novel temperature cycling treatment on the reaction process and structure of chitin, compared with the single alkali-freezing treatment, was greater. So the novel temperature cycling treatment could be regarded as a more efficient novel pretreatment method for further modification of chitin.
Co-reporter:Jing Li;Xia Zhang;Jian Chen;Jun Xia;Meihu Ma
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2009 Volume 47( Issue 13) pp:3391-3398
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pola.23416
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan-graft-acrylic acid polymers, used as superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), were synthesized by frontal polymerization (FP). The features of front propagation including front velocity and maximum temperature (Tmax) were influenced by the amount of glucomannan, initiator, and environment temperature. The graft copolymer was characterized by FTIR, DSC, and SEM. The amount of crosslinking agent mainly determined the crosslinking degree of SAPs that would affect the water absorbency and microstructure. Water absorbency of SAP was also investigated and most of them displayed high water absorption rate. The aforementioned results allow us to conclude that FP can be considered as a promising method to fabricate SAP for its excellent advantages. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3391–3398, 2009
Co-reporter:X. Xu, B. Li, J.F. Kennedy, B.J. Xie, M. Huang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2007 Volume 70(Issue 2) pp:192-197
Publication Date(Web):20 September 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.03.017
The structure and properties of dried blend films of konjac glucomannan and gellan gum prepared by a solvent-casting technique with different blending ratios of the two polymers have been studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transparence analysis, and strength tests. The crystallinities of the blend films decreased with the increase of the konjac glucomannan proportion. The DSC and FT-IR showed the existence of interaction between two kinds of polysaccharides. The tensile strength of the blend films achieved its maximum 17.5 MPa when the konjac glucomannan content in the blend films was around 70 wt% (KG7). The section morphology of the blend films observed by SEM also displayed the best miscibility at this ratio. The structure analysis indicated that there was a hydrogen interaction between konjac glucomannan and gellan gum. Antimicrobial films incorporating nisin were found to have antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus particularly with higher contents of gellan gum. With the increase of the content of gellan gum, the antimicrobial effects enhance. These results suggest that the blend films KG7 could be applied as a potential food package material for releasing the active agent such as nisin.
Co-reporter:Min Huang, J.F. Kennedy, B. Li, Xiao Xu, B.J. Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2007 Volume 69(Issue 3) pp:411-418
Publication Date(Web):25 June 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.12.025
Mixed gel was prepared with rice starch (indica, japonica, or sticky rice starch), polysaccharides (gellan, carrageenan, or konjac glucomannan), CaCl2, and deionized water. Rice starch, deionized water, and CaCl2 were kept constant; a mixture design was used to study the effects of varieties of rice starch, polysaccharides and its concentration on the quality of the mixed gel by texture profile analysis (TPA) method. The texture profile of the rice starch–polysaccharides mixed gel was dependent not only on the variety of rice and polysaccharides, but also on the concentration of the polysaccharide. The addition of the non-suitable polysaccharide or non-proper concentration would lead to deterioration of the gel. Only the suitable polysaccharide at a proper concentration would endow the gel with the excellent quality. Low concentration (<0.2% (w/w)) of carrageenan and high concentration of gellan (>0.3% (w/w)) could increase the hardness and adhesiveness significantly; the indica rice starch–polysaccharides always owned the largest hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness. Considering the economic factor, adding 0.2% (w/w) carrageen to the indica rice starch was found to be valuable for improving the texture of rice gel food, when a higher adhesiveness/hardness ratio was needed, 0.3% (w/w) gellan could be added to indica rice starch. The konjac glucomannan could not improve the adhesiveness, chewiness, and hardness significantly for any kinds of rice starches. The three varieties of rice starch, polysaccharides and their concentration had no significant effect on the springiness of the mixed gel.
Co-reporter:X. Ye, J.F. Kennedy, B. Li, B.J. Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2006 Volume 64(Issue 4) pp:532-538
Publication Date(Web):16 June 2006
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.11.005
Specialised blend films have been prepared by blending 1% w/v konjac glucomannan aqueous with 1% w/v chitosan solution in acetate solution and drying at room temperature for 24 h. The condensed state structure and miscibility of the blend films were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the blend film obtained from an 80/20 mixing ratio of konjac glucomannan and chitosan derivate showed the highest miscibility and blend homogeneity, and that strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds took place between the amino groups of chitosan and the hydroxyl groups of konjac glucomannan; thus the tensile strength also achieved its maximum in this ratio. The cell morphologies on the pure and blend films were examined by light microscopy and cell viability was studied by using MTT assay. The results showed that the particular blend film was more suitable for the cell culture than the pure konjac glucomannan film, and that the cells cultured on this blend film had greater spreading coefficients than that of the pure konjac glucomannan film. As a result of the good mechanical properties, miscibility and biocompatibility, the blend film is a promising biomaterial matrix.
Co-reporter:Bin Li, Bijun Xie, John F. Kennedy
Carbohydrate Polymers 2006 Volume 64(Issue 4) pp:510-515
Publication Date(Web):16 June 2006
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.11.001
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor as the authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in Food Res. Int., 39 (2006) 127–132, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2004.12.002. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
Co-reporter:B. Li, J.F. Kennedy, J.L. Peng, X. Yie, B.J. Xie
Carbohydrate Polymers 2006 Volume 65(Issue 4) pp:488-494
Publication Date(Web):13 September 2006
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.006
The material behaviour and antimicrobial effect of konjac glucomannan edible film incorporating chitosan and nisin at various ratio or concentrations is discussed. This activity was tested against food pathogenic bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. Mechanical and physical properties were determined and the results indicated that the blend film KC2 (mixing ratio konjac glucomannan 80/chitosan 20) showed the maximum tensile strength (102.8 ± 3.8 MPa) and a good transparency, water solubility, water vapor transmission ratio. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), etc. were used to characterize the structural change of the blend films. The results showed that the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds took place between chitosan and konjac glucomannan. Incorporation of nisin at 42,000 IU/g of film for the selected blend film KC2 was found to have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and B. cereus. The antimicrobial effect of chitosan or KC2 incorporating nisin was much better than that of konjac glucomannan incorporating nisin at each corresponding concentration and existed significant difference (p < 0.05), however, there was no significant difference on the antimicrobial effect between chitosan and KC2 both incorporating nisin. At all these levels, the ternary blend film KC2-nisin had a satisfactory mechanical, physical properties and antimicrobial activity, and could be applied as a potential ‘active’ packaging material.
Co-reporter:Bin Lv, Bin Li, Sha Chen, Jian Chen, Bo Zhu
Journal of Cereal Science (September 2009) Volume 50(Issue 2) pp:262-265
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2009.06.004
A combination of digital camera, computer and graphic software can provide a less expensive and more versatile technique to determine the surface color of parboiled rice compared to instrumental color measurement. The instrument was used to measure rice powder and whole rice. Pearson correlation coefficients and sample paired t-test on total color difference (ΔE), L and b values were calculated. The value of ΔE of samples from the instrumental technique was 0.69–4.61 (powder), 4.7–10.2 (whole rice) with a coefficient of variance (CV) ranging from 3.5 to 25.3% and from 15.4 to 46.6%. Meanwhile, the digital image technique gave a ΔE value ranging from 4.2 to 13.77 with a CV from 6.3 to 21.2%, respectively. A highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.7451, R2 = 0.8074, R2 = 0.7518,) was obtained for ΔE between instrumental (powder and whole rice), Vision Builder and instrumental (powder), and instrumental (whole rice) and Vision Builder. The chromatic b value of instrumental for powder had a significant correlation with the Vision Builder data (R2 = 0.7741). The results suggest that although the digital image provided the surface color of parboiled rice, it was less accurate than the instrumental for powder. Therefore results from the digital image should be interpreted with caution.
Co-reporter:Yuntao Wang, Yaqiong Pei, Wenfei Xiong, Tingguo Liu, Jing Li, Shilin Liu, Bin Li
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (November 2015) Volume 81() pp:477-482
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.037
Sunlight photocatalyst was fabricated by in situ synthesis of Cu2O in the regenerated chitin (RC)/graphene oxide (GO) composite film, where the porous chitin film was used as the microreactor for the formation of nano Cu2O. Nano Cu2O was immobilized and evenly distributed in the matrix and Cu2O tended to grow on the GO sheets. Cu2O inside the matrix excite and generate free photoelectrons and electron holes, which was responsible for the degradation of dyes, while GO transferred the yielded photoelectrons to prevent the generation of local high potential zone and induce the chain degradation at more points. So it was found that the porous chitin film could load Cu2O and graphene at the same time, controlling the size of Cu2O and leading to easy recycle and reuse of the photocatalyst. Moreover, the introduction of GO has dramatically improved the photocatalytic activity of Cu2O in the Cu2O/GO/RC film, showing great potential application in wastewater treatment utilizing solar energy.
Co-reporter:Shuxin Ye, Weiping Jin, Qing Huang, Ying Hu, Bakht Ramin Shah, Yan Li, Bin Li
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (June 2016) Volume 87() pp:77-84
Publication Date(Web):1 June 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.087
To seek high-efficient, convenient and robust methods to decontaminate water polluted by arsenite are critically in demand. Here, we developed a series of magnetic konjac glucomannan (KGM) aerogels as adsorbents for arsenite removal. These adsorbents were fabricated based on sodium montmorillonite (Na+-MMT) reinforced KGM matrix with magnetic Fe and Mn oxides (Mag-FMBO) inside. The obtained aerogels adsorbents were characterized by using compression test, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The characteristic results showed that the composite aerogels possessed strong mechanical and magnetic property, excellent thermal characteristic and tunable pore structure. Batch adsorption tests were used to evaluate arsenite removal capacity. The adsorption results exhibited that the arsenite removal process was pH-dependent, followed a pseudo-second-order rate equation and Langmuir monolayer adsorption. The maximum arsenite uptake capacity of magnetic aerogels M1.5 reached 16.03 mg g−1 according to Langmuir isotherm at pH 7 and 323 K. Besides, the magnetic composite aerogels can be repeatedly used after the treatment of regenerant (NaOH/NaCl/NaClO solution).Download high-res image (116KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Hongshan Liang, Qingrong Huang, Bin Zhou, Lei He, Liufeng Lin, Yaping An, Yan Li, Shilin Liu, Yijie Chen and Bin Li
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015 - vol. 3(Issue 16) pp:NaN3253-3253
Publication Date(Web):2015/02/20
DOI:10.1039/C4TB01920B
In this work, biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) were assembled with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and zein to produce zein–CMC NPs. Paclitaxel (PTX) was 95.5% encapsulated at a zein–CMC weight ratio of 1:3 and the NPs were spherical with an average particle size of approximately 159.4 nm, with the PTX concentration maintained at 80 μg mL−1. The NPs demonstrated good stability over a broad range of pH ranging from 3.7 to 11.0. The zein–CMC NPs were seen to provide a sustained release of PTX for up to 72 h, which led to an 80% release of the total loaded PTX in vitro. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry studies showed that the zein–CMC NPs could effectively transport encapsulated molecules into both drug-sensitive (HepG2 cells) and drug-resistant cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). Moreover, in vitro viability studies revealed that the PTX-loaded zein–CMC NPs had greater potency than free PTX in the PTX resistant MCF-7 cells at higher concentration. Furthermore, PTX-loaded NPs displayed obvious efficiency in the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Zein–CMC NPs have shown significant potential as a highly versatile and potent platform for cancer therapy.
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