Processive protein degradation is a common feature found in ATP-dependent proteases. This study utilized a physiological substrate of Escherichia coli Lon protease known as the lambda N protein (λN) to initiate the first kinetic analysis of the proteolytic mechanism of this enzyme. To this end, experiments were designed to determine the timing of three selected scissile sites in λN approaching the proteolytic site of ELon and their subsequent cleavages to gain insight into the mechanism by which ATP-dependent proteases attain processivity in protein degradation. The kinetic profile of peptide bond cleavage at different regions of λN was first detected by the iTRAQ/mass spectrometry technique. Fluorogenic λN constructs were then generated as reporter substrates for transient kinetic characterization of the ATP- versus AMPPNP-dependent peptide bond cleavage and the delivery of the scissile sites near the amino- versus carboxyl-terminal of the λN protein to the proteolytic site of ELon. Collectively, our results support a mechanism by which the cleavage of multiple peptide bonds awaits the “almost complete” delivery of all the scissile sites in λN to the proteolytic site in an ATP-dependent manner. Comparing the time courses of delivery to the active site of the selected scissile sites further implicates the existence of a preferred directionality in the final stage of substrate delivery, which begins at the carboxyl-terminal. The subsequent cleavage of the scissile sites in λN, however, appears to lack a specific directionality and occurs at a much faster rate than the substrate delivery step.

Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a family of redox active enzymes containing a 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor generated from post translational modification of an active site tyrosine residue. The Arthrobacter globiformis amine oxidase (AGAO) has been widely used as a model to guide the design and development of selective inhibitors of CAOs. In this study, two aryl 2,3-butadienamine analogs, racemic 5-phenoxy-2,3-pentadienylamine (POPDA) and racemic 6-phenyl-2,3-hexadienylamine (PHDA), were synthesized and evaluated as mechanism-based inactivators of AGAO. Crystal structures show that both compounds form a covalent adduct with the amino group of the substrate-reduced TPQ, and that the chemical structures of the rac-PHDA and rac-POPDA modified TPQ differ by the allenic carbon that is attached to the cofactor. A chemical mechanism accounting for the formation of the respective TPQ derivative is proposed. Under steady-state conditions, no recovery of enzyme activity is detected when AGAO pre-treated with rac-PHDA or rac-POPDA is diluted with excess amount of the benzylamine substrate (100-fold Km). Comparing the IC50 values further reveals that the phenoxy substituent in POPDA offers an approximately 4-fold increase in inhibition potency, which can be attributed to a favourable binding interaction between the oxygen atom in the phenoxy group and the active site of AGAO as revealed by crystallographic studies. This hypothesis is corroborated by the observed > 3-fold higher partition ratio of PHDA compared to POPDA. Taken together, the results presented in this study reveal the mechanism by which aryl 2,3-butadienamines act as mechanism-based inhibitors of AGAO, and the potency of enzyme inactivation could be fine-tuned by optimizing binding interaction between the aryl substituent and the enzyme active site.Research highlights► 5-phenoxy-2,3-pentadienylamine inactivates Arthrobacter globiformis amine oxidase (AGAO). ► 6-phenyl-2,3-hexadienylamine inactivates AGAO. ► Crystal structures of AGAO attached to inactivators reveal mechanism of action. ► IC50 values reveal inhibition potency and suggest selectivity in AGAO inactivation. ►Structural framework to guide the design of selective mechanism-based inhibitors.

Lon, also known as protease La, is an AAA+ protease machine that contains the ATPase and proteolytic domain within each enzyme subunit. Three truncated Escherichia coli Lon (ELon) mutants were generated based on a previous limited tryptic digestion result and hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analyses performed in this study. Using methods developed for characterizing wild-type (WT) Lon, we compared the ATPase, ATP-dependent protein degradation and ATP-dependent peptidase activities. With the exception of not degrading a putative structured substrate known as CcrM (cell-cycle-regulated DNA methyltransferase), the mutant lacking the first 239 residues behaved like WT ELon. Comparing the activity data of WT and ELon mutants reveals that the first 239 residues are not needed for minimal enzyme catalysis. The mutants lacking the first 252 residues or residues 232–252 displayed compromised ATPase, protein degradation and ATP-dependent peptide translocation abilities but retained WT-like steady-state peptidase activity. The binding affinities of WT and Lon mutants were evaluated by determining the concentration of λ N (KλN) needed to achieve 50% maximal ATPase stimulation. Comparing the KλN values reveals that the region encompassing 232–252 of ELon could contribute to λ N binding, but the effect is modest. Taken together, results generated from this study reveal that the region constituting residues 240–252 of ELon is important for ATPase activity, substrate translocation and protein degradation.Download high-res image (162KB)Download full-size imageHighlights► Map functions of residues 232–252 of E. coli Lon. ► Hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to aid the design of mutants. ► Activity assays to perform structure–function studies. ► Identify allosteric ATPase modulation sites. ► Identify protein substrate binding site.