Fredric M. Menger

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Name: Menger, Fred; Fredric M. Menger
Organization: Emory University , USA
Department: Department of Chemistry
Title: Professor(PhD)

TOPICS

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger, Lei Shi and Syed A. A. Rizvi
Journal of the American Chemical Society August 5, 2009 Volume 131(Issue 30) pp:10380-10381
Publication Date(Web):July 8, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ja9044289
Molecular areas of soluble films at the air/water interface have traditionally been calculated by applying the Gibbs equation to the steep linear decline in surface tension as the bulk concentration increases. This approach presupposes that the interface is saturated in the “Gibbs region,” thereby allowing a single unique area to be calculated. We show that the areas derived by the Gibbs equation (typically 50−60 Å2/molecule) are much too large to account for the abrupt surface tension decline. Moreover, a surface tension/concentration plot was observed for a system where micelle formation does not interfere with the Gibbs region. Nonetheless, the surface tension plot leveled off, ostensibly owing to saturation, when the Gibbs approach predicted a continued linear decline, proving that the interface in the Gibbs region is not saturated as generally assumed. This conclusion means that the hundreds of published molecular areas obtained by the Gibbs approach should be reconsidered.
Co-reporter: Bruno S. Souza; Jose R. Mora;Eduardo H. Werlind; Rosilene M. Clementin; Jose C. Gesser; Haidi D. Fiedler; Faruk Nome; Fredric M. Menger
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2017 Volume 56(Issue 19) pp:5345-5348
Publication Date(Web):2017/05/02
DOI:10.1002/anie.201701306
AbstractAspartic proteinases, which include HIV-1 proteinase, function with two aspartate carboxy groups at the active site. This relationship has been modeled in a system possessing an otherwise unactivated amide positioned between two carboxy groups. The model amide is cleaved at an enzyme-like rate that renders the amide nonisolable at 35 °C and pH 4 owing to the joint presence of carboxy and carboxylate groups. A currently advanced theory attributing almost the entire catalytic power of enzymes to electrostatic reorganization is shown to be superfluous when suitable interatomic interactions are present. Our kinetic results are consistent with spatiotemporal concepts where embedding the amide group between two carboxylic moieties in proper geometries, at distances less than the diameter of water, leads to enzyme-like rate enhancements. Space and time are the essence of enzyme catalysis.
Co-reporter:A.A. Yaroslavov, A.V. Sybachin, O.V. Zaborova, A.B. Zezin, Y. Talmon, M. Ballauff, F.M. Menger
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2015 Volume 226(Part A) pp:54-64
Publication Date(Web):December 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.cis.2015.08.011

Highlights

We show effective method of accumulation of number of liposomes in small volume.

Complexes of anionic liposomes and polycationic brushes stable in physiological media.

Liposomes filled with different substances adsorb on the brush independently.

Liposomal composition of the complex is set by initial mixture of unbound liposomes.

pH-controlled release is more effective for complexes than for individual liposomes.

Co-reporter: Alexer A. Yaroslavov;Dr. Andrey V. Sybachin;Olga V. Zaborova;Dr. Viktor N. Orlov; Matthias Ballauff; Yeshayahu Talmon; Fredric M. Menger
Chemistry - A European Journal 2013 Volume 19( Issue 41) pp:13674-13678
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201301944
Co-reporter:Rafik Karaman
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2012 Volume 25( Issue 12) pp:1336-1342
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/poc.3031

Enolization of acetaldehyde catalyzed by the combined action of a general base (ammonia) and a general acid (formic acid) was examined by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(3df,2p) level while manipulating distance relationships among the reactants. Computations were carried out in the gas phase, in the presence of four water molecules, and with a dielectric constant of 78.4. Enolization involves an early transition state where general-base catalysis is more developed than general-acid catalysis. Although formic acid does not promote enolization by itself, it does facilitate α-proton transfer from acetaldehyde to the general base by several orders of magnitude. Formic acid accomplishes this feat via a hydrogen bond at a van der Waals distance to the carbonyl oxygen as opposed to forming a low-barrier hydrogen bond. A low-barrier hydrogen bond would indeed be capable of accelerating the enolization were it not for the energy cost of generating it. Formic acid may also facilitate enolization by internal solvation of the ammonium ion that is partially formed in the transition state via carbon-to-nitrogen proton transfer. General-base catalysis by trimethylamine, which is out of position to coordinate with the formic acid carboxyl, actually has lower activation energy than that of ammonia catalysis, possibly owing to basicity/shielding effects. Computations also demonstrate that the proton removed by the ammonia nitrogen remains on the nitrogen throughout rather than being transferred via low-energy rotation processes and secondary proton transfers to an oxygen atom of formic acid or the enol itself. Finally, stepwise and concerted mechanisms for enolizations have been proposed in the literature, with experimental evidence being provided for both. The concerted/non-concerted disagreement seems to stem from the continuum of organic mechanisms that Nature bestows onto organic chemistry. Thus, acid/base catalysis varies from stepwise at one extreme to synchronous at the other extreme with an infinite number of concerted mechanisms in between. Since the degree of concertedness undoubtedly depends upon the particular acid, base, substrate, and solvent, disparate enolization models are to be expected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Co-reporter:Alexander A. Yaroslavov ; Andrey V. Sybachin ; Ellina Kesselman ; Judith Schmidt ; Yeshayahu Talmon ; Syed A. A. Rizvi
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011 Volume 133(Issue 9) pp:2881-2883
Publication Date(Web):February 15, 2011
DOI:10.1021/ja111406q
Cryo-TEM and NaCl-leakage experiments demonstrated that the cationic polymer polylysine induces fusion of anionic liposomes but that the cationic polymer poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) (PEVP) does not, although both polymers bind strongly to the liposomes. The difference was traced to the thickness of the coatings at constant charge coverage. Polylysine is believed to form planar β-sheets that are sufficiently thin to allow membrane fusion. In contrast, looping and disorganization among adsorbed PEVP molecules physically prevent fusion. A similar effect is likely to be applicable to important polycation-induced fusion of cell membranes.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger, Syed A. A. Rizvi, and Lei Shi
Langmuir 2011 Volume 27(Issue 12) pp:7963-7965
Publication Date(Web):May 23, 2011
DOI:10.1021/la201219g
Plots of surface tension vs log [surfactant] show a steep linear decline until the CMC is reached. Conventional “Gibbs analysis” declares that the air/water interface is saturated with surfactant throughout this linear region, thereby enabling an area-per-molecule to be determined. We have previously provided evidence from four independent experimental methods that cast doubt on the “saturated interface” concept. In the preceding paper, Laven and de With question our results with deceptively authoritative but specious arguments devoid of any new experiments (e.g., they explain our conductance data by postulating the presence of two different coexisting micellar structures). However, consider the Gibbs analysis from strictly an intuitive standpoint. The Gibbs analysis demands that surfactant in the bulk phase (even at submillimolar concentrations) causes a dramatic decline in the surface tension of an interface that is already saturated. The Gibbs analysis also forces the conclusion that initial saturation of the interface (at the high end of the linear decline) has little effect on the surface tension. We thus maintain our position that the surface tension declines sharply because the air–water interface adsorbs more and more surfactant as surfactant is added to the bulk phase.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger and Syed A. A. Rizvi
Langmuir 2011 Volume 27(Issue 23) pp:13975-13977
Publication Date(Web):October 26, 2011
DOI:10.1021/la203009m
Surfactant action is caused in part by a dramatic reduction in surface tension. Using surface excess measurements from a radioactive surfactant, it was possible to show that (a) the surface tension declines only slightly when the occupancy of the air/water interface increases from 0 to 60% of the maximum and (b) the steep drop in surface tension in region B (Figure 1), frequently observed to be linear, begins at about 80% occupancy. Surfactant continues to enter the interface cooperatively up to and past the critical micelle concentration. Linearity in region B is not indicative of surface saturation despite a seemingly constant surface excess throughout the region. The disparity between interfacial areas determined by surface tension and by other methods is discussed in terms of these results.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger, Lei Shi, Syed A.A. Rizvi
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2010 Volume 344(Issue 2) pp:241-246
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.031
This paper summarizes a few of the self-assembling systems investigated in the authors’ laboratory over the years. These include systems that mimic an enzyme, solubilize drugs, release encapsulated guests, assemble via hydrophobic surfaces, exhibit hysteresis in films, link cancer cells to vesicles, and destroy toxic compounds. Although the amphiphilic molecules are all rather different, one overriding theme predominates: just as the properties of molecules are not simple extrapolations from atoms, properties of self-assemblies are not simple extrapolations from molecules. Groups of molecules, properly assembled, can accomplish much more than an equal number of molecules functioning separately.The graphic shows a vesicle self-assembly adhering to a cell via a steroid/mannose-phosphonate conjugate.
Co-reporter:Rafik Karaman, Fredric M. Menger
Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 2010 Volume 959(1–3) pp:87-91
Publication Date(Web):15 November 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.theochem.2010.08.011
Computations using B3LYP density functional method with 6-31G (d,p) and 6-311 + G (d,p) basis sets were carried out on a cationic cyanine dye at various locations of the Br− counter ion. It was found that the Br− position and its accompanying electric field have a significant affect on the charge distribution within the cationic dye. Furthermore, the enthalpy of anion/cation interaction was highly sensitive to the Br− location. Bringing the Br− either closer or further than the optimum is substantially destabilizing. The flexible cyanine dye molecule tends to fold to accommodate electrostatic interactions. On the other hand, less activation energy was required for the approach of F− towards the cyanine dye (6 kcal/mol vs. 15 kcal/mol for the Br− approach).
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger, Lei Shi and Syed A. A. Rizvi
Langmuir 2010 Volume 26(Issue 3) pp:1588-1589
Publication Date(Web):December 4, 2009
DOI:10.1021/la9043914
Gibbs-determined areas of >60 Å2/molecule for many common surfactants cause rather small surface tension reductions when measured on a Langmuir film balance. This is inconsistent with an air/water interface being saturated throughout the steep linear decline in plots of surface tension versus ln [surfactant]. In support for a gradually populating interface in the linear region, we have found that sodium docosanyl sulfate lowers the surface tension by only 7 mN/m when compressed to 50 Å2/molecule. When docosanyltrimethylmmonium bromide is compressed to 65 Å2/molecule, the surface tension is lowered about 15 mN/m as compared to a 30−40 mN/m drop occurring within the range of typical Gibbs analysis. Saturation of the interface is often obscured by competitive micelle formation that levels the surface tension versus ln [surfactant] plot before saturation has a chance to do so.
Co-reporter:FredricM. Menger ;Rafik Karaman
Chemistry - A European Journal 2010 Volume 16( Issue 5) pp:1420-1427
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.200902683

Abstract

This article proposes a model for chemical reactivity that involves singularities (“catastrophes”) in the timing of bond-making and bond-breaking events. The common stapler is a good mechanical analogy: As hand-pressure is increased on the machine, the staple hardly changes its configuration until the staple suddenly bends. This is viewed as a singularity or catastrophe, defined classically as an abrupt change resulting from a smooth increase or decrease in external conditions (pressure in the case of a stapler, distance in the case of reactivity). Although experimental observations are provided to support the singularity effect, the model remains a heterodox notion at the present time.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Lei Shi
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009 Volume 131(Issue 19) pp:6672-6673
Publication Date(Web):April 28, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ja902174g
Six organic additives, each bearing a different number of anionic charges, were added to a large excess of cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB). The surface-tension vs log [DTAB] plot for solutions containing DTAB/trianion = 15:1 showed an abrupt break (routinely taken as the critical micelle concentration, CMC) at 2.9 mM. This constitutes a 5-fold decrease compared with a CMC of 15 mM for pure aqueous DTAB. There is a 10-fold decrease in the break-point concentration caused by a mere 3 mol % of hexanion. Corresponding CMC values from DTAB/trianion mixtures, measured by both conductivity and diffusion NMR, gave normal values of 14 mM. The unusual discrepancy between the CMC based on surface tension and on the two “bulk” methods was attributed to saturation of the air/water interface by a DTAB/trianion complex far below the concentration at which the micelles form. Thus, the sharp break seen in surface-tension “CMC plots” need not in fact attest to actual micelle formation as is almost universally assumed in colloid chemistry.
Co-reporter:Dmitry A. Davydov, Ekaterina G. Yaroslavova, Anna A. Rakhnyanskaya, Anna A. Efimova, Yury A. Ermakov, Fredric M. Menger and Alexander A. Yaroslavov
Langmuir 2009 Volume 25(Issue 23) pp:13528-13533
Publication Date(Web):July 30, 2009
DOI:10.1021/la902031e
Complexation of phospholipid lipsomes with a cationic polymer, poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) (PEVP), and subsequent interliposomal migration of the adsorbed macromolecules, have been investigated. Liposomes of two different charge types were examined: (a) a liposomal system, with an overall charge near zero, consisting of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (egg lecithin, EL) with added doubly anionic phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL2−), and cationic dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide (HMAB+), in a CL2−/HMAB+ charge-to-charge ratio of 1:1; (b) an anionic liposomal system composed of an EL/CL2− mixture plus polyoxyethylene monocetyl ether (Brij 58). Both three-component systems were designed specifically to preclude liposomal aggregation upon electrostatic association with the PEVP, a phenomenon that had complicated analysis of data from several two-component liposomes. PEVP macromolecules were found from fluorescence experiments to migrate among the charge−neutral EL/CL2−/HMAB+ liposomes. In the case of anionic EL/CL2−/Brij liposomes, a combination of fluorescence and laser microelectrophoresis methods showed that PEVP macromolecules travel from liposome to liposome while being electrostatically associated with anionic lipids.
Co-reporter:Alexander A. Yaroslavov, Anna A. Rakhnyanskaya, Ekaterina G. Yaroslavova, Anna A. Efimova, Fredric M. Menger
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2008 Volume 142(1–2) pp:43-52
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.cis.2008.04.004

Abstract

Anionic liposomes, composed of egg lecithin (EL) or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with 20 mol% of cardiolipin (CL2−), were mixed with cationic polymers, poly(4-vinylpyridine) fully quaternized with ethyl bromide (P2) or poly-l-lysine (PL). Polymer/liposome binding studies were carried out using electrophoretic mobility (EPM), fluorescence, and conductometry as the main analytical tools. Binding was also examined in the presence of added salt and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The following generalizations arose from the experiments: (a) Binding of P2 and PL to small EL/CL2− liposomes (60–80 nm in diameter) is electrostatic in nature and completely reversed by addition of salt or PAA. (b) Binding can be enhanced by hydrophobization of the polymer with cetyl groups. (c) Binding can also be enhanced by changing the phase state of the lipid bilayer from liquid to solid (i.e. going from EL to DPPC) or by increasing the size of the liposomes (i.e. going from 60–80 to 300 nm). By far the most promising systems, from the point of view of constructing polyelectrolyte multilayers on liposome cores without disruption of liposome integrity, involve small, liquid, anionic liposomes coated initially with polycations carrying pendant alkyl groups.

Co-reporter:Lei Shi;Dan Lundberg Dr.;Djamaladdin G. Musaev Dr.;Fredric M. Menger  Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007 Volume 46(Issue 48) pp:
Publication Date(Web):5 DEC 2007
DOI:10.1002/anie.200790248
Co-reporter:Lei Shi;Dan Lundberg Dr.;Djamaladdin G. Musaev Dr.;Fredric M. Menger  Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2007 Volume 119(Issue 48) pp:
Publication Date(Web):5 DEC 2007
DOI:10.1002/ange.200790248
Co-reporter:Lei Shi;Dan Lundberg Dr.;Djamaladdin G. Musaev Dr.;Fredric M. Menger  Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007 Volume 46(Issue 31) pp:
Publication Date(Web):6 JUL 2007
DOI:10.1002/anie.200702140

The long and short of it: Gemini surfactants with a non-Hückel diaza[12]annulene core have been synthesized (see picture). DFT computations give a minimum-energy conformation with alternate shorter and longer bonds, and with the two N substituents pointing away from each other. Studies on the aggregation of the molecules in water show they encounter packing difficulties, with no evidence for ring/ring interactions at the micelle surfaces.

Co-reporter:Lei Shi;Dan Lundberg Dr.;Djamaladdin G. Musaev Dr.;Fredric M. Menger  Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2007 Volume 119(Issue 31) pp:
Publication Date(Web):6 JUL 2007
DOI:10.1002/ange.200702140

Mal lang, mal kurz: Zwillingstenside mit einem Nicht-Hückel-Diaza[12]annulen als Kern wurden synthetisiert (siehe Bild). Nach DFT-Rechnungen liegen in der Konformation mit der geringsten Energie abwechselnd kürzere und längere Bindungen vor, und die Substituenten an den beiden N-Atomen weisen voneinander weg. Untersuchungen zur Aggregation der Moleküle in Wasser ergaben Packungsprobleme und keine Hinweise auf Ring-Ring-Wechselwirkungen an den Micellenoberflächen.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger and Hao Lu  
Chemical Communications 2006 (Issue 30) pp:3235-3237
Publication Date(Web):05 Jul 2006
DOI:10.1039/B604129A
A screening process uncovered a heterogeneous catalytic system that hydrolyzes one of two nearly identical ketals in several diketals with a high selectivity.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Jianwei Bian;Victor A. Seredyuk Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2004 Volume 116(Issue 10) pp:
Publication Date(Web):25 FEB 2004
DOI:10.1002/ange.200352936

Keine Kreatur aus den Tiefen des Ozeans, sondern das Produkt einer chemischen Selbstorganisation zeigt die mikroskopische Aufnahme. Die dicht gepackten, hohlen Kugeln mit bläschenbedeckter Oberfläche könnten als einfach zugängliches Verkapselungssystem mit bemerkenswert hohem Einfangvolumen dienen.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Jianwei Bian;Victor A. Seredyuk Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2004 Volume 43(Issue 10) pp:
Publication Date(Web):25 FEB 2004
DOI:10.1002/anie.200352936

Not a creature from the ocean depths, but the product of synthetic chemistry aided by self-assembly is shown in the photomicrograph. The densely packed, hollow spheres with highly blistered surfaces offer the possibility of a useful encapsulation system which is simple, cheap, and endowed with a particularly high capture volume.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger, Ashley L. Galloway and Djamaladdin G. Musaev  
Chemical Communications 2003 (Issue 18) pp:2370-2371
Publication Date(Web):15 Aug 2003
DOI:10.1039/B306342A
The activation energies for four Smiles reactions vary with the distance squared between the nucleophilic and electrophilic atoms (consistent with theoretical considerations and pertinent to organic and enzymatic catalyses).
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger
PNAS 2002 99 (8 ) pp:4818-4822
Publication Date(Web):2002-04-16
DOI:10.1073/pnas.062524299
Supramolecular systems—their successes, problems, and potential—are discussed with allusion to specific examples.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger
PNAS 2002 99 (8 ) pp:4818-4822
Publication Date(Web):2002-04-16
DOI:10.1073/pnas.062524299
Supramolecular systems—their successes, problems, and potential—are discussed with allusion to specific examples.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Jianwei Bian;Vladimir A. Azov Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2002 Volume 41(Issue 14) pp:
Publication Date(Web):15 JUL 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14<2581::AID-ANIE2581>3.0.CO;2-#

A “two-protons-plus-one-lone-pair” bifurcated relationship is adopted by the amine groups in the amino equivalent of Kemp's triacid (see structure). Intramolecular proton transfer occurs in the aminolysis of three esters with this triamine, whereas two diamines, studied for comparison, switch abruptly from intramolecular to intermolecular proton transfer, depending upon the ester reactivity. The triamine offers attractive possibilities as a framework for bioorganic modeling.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Victor A. Seredyuk Dr.;Alexer A. Yaroslavov
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2002 Volume 41(Issue 8) pp:
Publication Date(Web):16 APR 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1350::AID-ANIE1350>3.0.CO;2-#

Stickiness of giant vesicles, visible under the light microscope, can be promoted or prevented (see figure) by substances such as poly-L-lysine (cationic), polyvinylpyrrolidone (nonionic; yellow), and heparin (anionic; blue). In one particular system, adhesion was time-dependent owing to exchange of components by a pair of electrostatically adhered vesicles.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Jianwei Bian;Vladimir A. Azov Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2002 Volume 114(Issue 14) pp:
Publication Date(Web):15 JUL 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3757(20020715)114:14<2693::AID-ANGE2693>3.0.CO;2-I

Eine „Zwei-Protonen-plus-ein-freies-Elektronenpaar“-Gabelung bilden die Aminogruppen des Amin-Analogons von Kemps Trisäure (siehe Struktur). Bei der Aminolyse von drei Estern mit diesem Triamin tritt ein intramolekularer Protonentransfer auf, während zwei ebenfalls untersuchte Diamine in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktivität der Ester abrupt von intra- zu intermolekularem Protonentransfer umschalten. Das Triamin bietet vielversprechende Möglichkeiten als ein Bezugssystem für bioorganische Modellstudien.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Victor A. Seredyuk Dr.;Alexer A. Yaroslavov
Angewandte Chemie 2002 Volume 114(Issue 8) pp:
Publication Date(Web):16 APR 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3757(20020415)114:8<1406::AID-ANGE1406>3.0.CO;2-P

Der Zusammenhalt von Riesenvesikeln kann durch Substanzen wie Poly-L-lysin (kationisch), Polyvinylpyrrolidon (nichtionisch) und Heparin (anionisch) gefördert oder verhindert werden. Dies lässt sich mikroskopisch verfolgen; bei einem elektrostatisch zusammengehaltenen Paar von Vesikeln erwies sich die Adhäsion als zeitabhängig infolge des Austauschs von Komponenten (siehe Bild; Heparin: blau, Polyvinylpyrrolidon: gelb).

Co-reporter:Marius Kölbel and Fredric M. Menger  
Chemical Communications 2001 (Issue 3) pp:275-276
Publication Date(Web):23 Jan 2001
DOI:10.1039/B008046M
Removal of the liquid from a glycoluril-based gel produces a macroporous solid (a xerogel) comprised of closely packed fibers that assemble into highly convoluted sheets.
Co-reporter:Véronique Barragan, Fredric M. Menger, Kevin L. Caran, Carole Vidil, Alain Morère and Jean-Louis Montero  
Chemical Communications 2001 (Issue 1) pp:85-86
Publication Date(Web):14 Dec 2000
DOI:10.1039/B008446H
A hydrolytically stable sugar phosphonate coupled to a steroid via a long and semi-rigid spacer (synthesized via a 12-step sequence) binds both to the mannose-6-phosphonate receptors of certain cancer cells and to the lipid bilayer of vesicles, thereby serving as a multivalent adhesive between cell and vesicle surfaces.
Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger;Andrey V. Peresypkin;Shaoxiong Wu
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2001 Volume 14(Issue 7) pp:392-399
Publication Date(Web):28 JUN 2001
DOI:10.1002/poc.368

Amphiphilic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were synthesized having an average of 7–46 hydrophobic chains of varying lengths (C10–C14) attached to the periphery of 64 amine groups. The synthesis was performed in three steps: (1) protection of a desired number of amines with BOC groups; (2) reaction of the remaining amine groups with long-chain acid chlorides; and (3) deprotection from the BOC groups to produce the amphiphilic dendrimers as HCl salts. The behavior of the dendrimers in aqueous media was examined by pulse-gradient spin-echo (FT-PGSE) NMR and dynamic light scattering. Self-diffusion data on dendrimers with 22 or fewer chains, along with dynamic light scattering on concentrations of ≤16 wt%, gave no indication of dendrimer–dendrimer self-assembly via hydrocarbon chains exposed on the dendrimer surface. It is concluded that dendrimers with 7–22 chains, each having 10–14 carbons, behave as unimolecular entities with chains coiled largely within the dendrimer periphery. Only when the number of chains becomes very large (ca ≥34) are chains forced externally where they can promote hydrophobically induced self-assembly. Monomeric dendrimers possessing the full range of functional polarity have great potential in enzyme modeling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Kevin L. Caran Dr.;Victor A. Seredyuk Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2001 Volume 40(Issue 20) pp:
Publication Date(Web):10 OCT 2001
DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3905::AID-ANIE3905>3.0.CO;2-B

An organic reaction between two populations of vesicles, one containing a nucleophile (blue) and the other an electrophile (red), was examined kinetically (see scheme). By comparing the rates with those of suitable controls, it was demonstrated that the electrophile is transferred during vesicle collisions, and a fast intra-vesicular reaction ensues.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ;Kevin L. Caran Dr.;Victor A. Seredyuk Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2001 Volume 113(Issue 20) pp:
Publication Date(Web):10 OCT 2001
DOI:10.1002/1521-3757(20011015)113:20<4023::AID-ANGE4023>3.0.CO;2-H

Eine organische Reaktion zwischen zwei Vesikeln, von denen das eine ein Nucleophil (blau), das andere ein Elektrophil (rot) trägt, wurde kinetisch untersucht (siehe Schema). Durch Vergleich mit Kontrollreaktionen wurde gezeigt, dass das Elektrophil beim Zusammenstoß der Vesikel übertragen wird und sich eine schnelle intravesikuläre Reaktion anschließt.

Co-reporter:Alexer A. Yaroslavov ;Oleg Yu. Udalykh Dr.;Nickolay S. Melik-Nubarov Dr.;Viktor A. Kabanov ;Yuri A. Ermakov Dr.;Vladimir A. Azov
Chemistry - A European Journal 2001 Volume 7(Issue 22) pp:
Publication Date(Web):12 NOV 2001
DOI:10.1002/1521-3765(20011119)7:22<4835::AID-CHEM4835>3.0.CO;2-Y

Laser microelectrophoresis (coupled with conductance, fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering) is shown to be a highly instructive tool in comparing the dynamics of conventional and gemini surfactants embedded within vesicle bilayers. The following can be listed among the more important observations and conclusions: a) Cationic conventional surfactant, added to a “solid” (gel) lipid vesicle containing an anionic phospholipid, charge-neutralizes only half the anionic charge. With a “liquid” (liquid crystalline) vesicle, however, the entire negative charge is neutralized. Thus, the cationic conventional surfactant can “flip-flop” readily only in the liquid membrane. b) A cationic gemini surfactant charge-neutralizes only the anionic lipid in the outer membrane leaflet of either solid or liquid membranes, thus indicating an inability to flip-flop regardless of the phase-state of the bilayer. c) Mixed population experiments show that surfactants can hop from one vesicle to another in liquid but not solid membranes. d) In liquid, but not solid, bilayers, a surface-adsorbed cationic polymer can electrostatically “drag” anionic surfactant from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet where the polymer resides. e) Peripheral fluorescence quenching experiments show that a cationic polymer, adhered to anionic vesicles, can be forced to dissociate in the presence of high concentrations of salt or an anionic polymer. f) Adsorbed polymer, of opposite charge to that imparted to vesicles by a gemini surfactant, is unable to dislocate surfactant even in a liquid membrane. g) In our systems, ionic polymers will not bind to neutral vesicles made solely of zwitterionic phospholipid. On the other hand, ionic polymers bind to neutral vesicles if charge neutrality is obtained by virtue of the membrane containing equimolar amounts of cationic and anionic surfactant. This is attributable to surfactant segregation within the bilayer. h) Experiments prove that polymer migration can occur among a population of neutral ternary vesicles.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger Dr.;Jason S. Keiper
Angewandte Chemie 2000 Volume 112(Issue 11) pp:
Publication Date(Web):14 JUN 2000
DOI:10.1002/1521-3757(20000602)112:11<1980::AID-ANGE1980>3.0.CO;2-D

Es fällt nicht schwer, über die langweilige Stoffklasse der Tenside hinwegzusehen, denn schließlich sticht deren Struktur nach heutigen Maßstäben nicht sonderlich ins Auge. Darüber hinaus sind Tensidmoleküle bereits seit Jahrzehnten in so vielen Wirtschaftsbereichen verankert, dass ihre Chemie veraltert und ausgeschöpft erscheinen mag. Dieser Aufsatz hat das Anliegen, den Leser vom Gegenteil zu überzeugen, indem er sich auf eine bemerkenswerte, neuartige Klasse von Tensiden, die Gemini-Tenside, konzentriert. Gemini-Tenside, so die allgemeine Bezeichnung für „Bis-Tenside”, können sich bei Konzentrationen von nahezu einem Hundertstel der Konzentration entsprechender herkömmlicher Tenside selbstorganisieren. Die Oberflächenaktivität kann um das Tausendfache verbessert werden. Gemini-Tenside haben bereits bei der Hautpflege, bei antibakteriellen Präparaten, beim Aufbau hochporöser Materialien, bei analytischen Trennungen und bei Solubilisierungsprozessen Anlass zu großen Hoffnungen gegeben. In den vergangenen Jahren ist eine große Zahl von Patenten erschienen, die sich mit Gemini-Tensiden befassen. Nach Meinung einiger könnte sich sehr wohl herausstellen, dass Gemini-Tenside für „Otto Normalverbraucher” nützlicher sind als Kronenether oder Fullerene. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Synthese, der kritischen Micellenbildungskonzentration sowie der Aggregationsgröße und -form von Gemini-Tensiden sowie mit Gemini-Tensid-Gelen, -Vesikeln und -Filmen. Das zusammengetragene Wissen stammt von Forschern aus der ganzen Welt; man könnte demzufolge sagen, die Gemini-Forschung ist eine Gebiet, „in dem die Sonne nicht untergeht”. In diesem Aufsatz werden keine Vorkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Kolloidchemie vorausgesetzt.

Co-reporter:Fredric M. Menger ; Lei Shi ;Syed A. A. Rizvi
Journal of the American Chemical Society () pp:
Publication Date(Web):July 8, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ja9044289
Molecular areas of soluble films at the air/water interface have traditionally been calculated by applying the Gibbs equation to the steep linear decline in surface tension as the bulk concentration increases. This approach presupposes that the interface is saturated in the “Gibbs region,” thereby allowing a single unique area to be calculated. We show that the areas derived by the Gibbs equation (typically 50−60 Å2/molecule) are much too large to account for the abrupt surface tension decline. Moreover, a surface tension/concentration plot was observed for a system where micelle formation does not interfere with the Gibbs region. Nonetheless, the surface tension plot leveled off, ostensibly owing to saturation, when the Gibbs approach predicted a continued linear decline, proving that the interface in the Gibbs region is not saturated as generally assumed. This conclusion means that the hundreds of published molecular areas obtained by the Gibbs approach should be reconsidered.
Benzoic acid, 4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-, methyl ester
Phenyl 2-methoxybenzoate
MeO anion
Ethanaminium,2-(benzoyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-
(Z)-1,3-Diphenylprop-2-EN-1-1