Co-reporter:Margarita Suárez, Alberto Ruiz, Luis Almagro, Julieta Coro, Enrique E. Maroto, Salvatore Filippone, Dolores Molero, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez, and Nazario Martín
The Journal of Organic Chemistry May 5, 2017 Volume 82(Issue 9) pp:4654-4654
Publication Date(Web):April 13, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.7b00286
The diastereoselective synthesis of cis and trans steroid–fulleropyrrolidines hybrids by reaction of N-metalated azomethine ylides [Cu(II) or Ag(I)] with the appropriate chiral ligand and C60 is described. The experimental findings reveal that the azomethine ylide stabilized by an allylic group cycloadds to [60]fullerene in an efficient manner and with a good diastereomeric excess. Furthermore, the new generated stereocenters are fully controlled by the catalytic systems used without being influenced by the chirality of the steroid. Interestingly, by this synthetic methodology the each one of the four possible stereoisomers have efficiently been obtained and characterized by CD spectra.
Co-reporter:Sara Vidal;Juan Marco-Martínez;Salvatore Filippone;Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2017 vol. 53(Issue 35) pp:4842-4844
Publication Date(Web):2017/04/27
DOI:10.1039/C7CC01267E
[60]Fullerene hybrids have successfully been used as catalysts in hydrogen transfer reactions, namely ketone reduction and N-alkylation with alcohols. Due to their poor solubility in polar solvents, these hybrids behave as homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysts that can be mechanically separated and reused several times while the final products do not need chromatographic separation.
Co-reporter:Mateusz Wielopolski, Magdalena Marszalek, Fulvio G. Brunetti, Damien Joly, Joaquín Calbo, Juan Aragó, Jacques-E. Moser, Robin Humphry-Baker, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Juan Luis Delgado, Michael Grätzel, Enrique Ortí and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016 vol. 4(Issue 17) pp:3798-3808
Publication Date(Web):09 Dec 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5TC03501E
The development of new light harvesting materials is a key issue for the progress of the research on organic & hybrid photovoltaics. Here, we report a new class of organic sensitizers based on the bi-fluorenylidene moiety as π-linker within the donor–π-linker–acceptor (D–π–A) scheme. The new dyes are endowed with electron donor and electron acceptor units at strategic positions in order to improve their electronic and light-harvesting properties. The comprehensive study of these compounds through the use of different experimental and theoretical techniques, provides an in-depth understanding of their electronic and photophysical properties, and reveal their interest as photovoltaic materials.
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto; Jaime Mateos; Marc Garcia-Borràs; Sílvia Osuna; Salvatore Filippone; María Ángeles Herranz; Yasujiro Murata; Miquel Solà;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2015 Volume 137(Issue 3) pp:1190-1197
Publication Date(Web):January 5, 2015
DOI:10.1021/ja5108854
The stereochemical outcome of cis–trans isomerization of optically pure [60], [70], and endohedral H2O@C60 fulleropyrrolidines reveals that the electronic nature of substituents, fullerene size, and surprisingly the incarcerated water molecule plays a crucial role in this rearrangement process. Theoretical DFT calculations are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. On the basis of the experimental results and computational calculations, a plausible reaction mechanism involving the hydrogen-bonding assistance of the inner water molecule in the carbanion stabilization of endofullerene is proposed.
Co-reporter:Pavel Moreno-García; Andrea La Rosa; Viliam Kolivoška; Daniel Bermejo; Wenjing Hong; Koji Yoshida; Masoud Baghernejad; Salvatore Filippone; Peter Broekmann; Thomas Wandlowski;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2015 Volume 137(Issue 6) pp:2318-2327
Publication Date(Web):January 23, 2015
DOI:10.1021/ja511271e
Single molecule charge transport characteristics of buckminsterfullerene-capped symmetric fluorene-based dumbbell-type compound 1 were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-BJ), current sensing atomic force microscopy break junction (CS-AFM-BJ), and mechanically controlled break junction (MCBJ) techniques, under ambient conditions. We also show that compound 1 is able to form highly organized defect-free surface adlayers, allowing the molecules on the surface to be addressed specifically. Two distinct single molecule conductance states (called high GH1 and low GL1) were observed, depending on the pressure exerted by the probe on the junction, thus allowing molecule 1 to function as a mechanically driven molecular switch. These two distinct conductance states were attributed to the electron tunneling through the buckminsterfullerene anchoring group and fully extended molecule 1, respectively. The assignment of conductance features to these configurations was further confirmed by control experiments with asymmetrically designed buckminsterfullerene derivative 2 as well as pristine buckminsterfullerene 3, both lacking the GL feature.
Co-reporter:Jaime Mateos-Gil, Laura Rodríguez-Pérez, María Moreno Oliva, Georgios Katsukis, Carlos Romero-Nieto, M
a
Ángeles Herranz, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Nanoscale 2015 vol. 7(Issue 3) pp:1193-1200
Publication Date(Web):21 Nov 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4NR04365K
The reactivity of several carbon nanoforms (CNFs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene, has been investigated through a combination of arylation and click chemistry CuI-mediated azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. The approach is based on the incorporation of electroactive π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) units into the triazole linkers to modulate the electronic properties of the obtained conjugates. The introduction of strain, by bending the planar graphene sheet into a 3D carbon framework, is responsible for the singular reactivity observed in carbon nanotubes. The formed nanoconjugates were fully characterized by analytical, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques (TGA, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis-NIR, cyclic voltammetry, TEM and XPS). In the case of SWCNT conjugates, where the functionalization degree is higher, a series of steady-state and time resolved spectroscopy experiments revealed a photoinduced electron transfer from the exTTF unit to the electron-accepting SWCNT.
Co-reporter:Lydia Cabau, Ines Garcia-Benito, Agustin Molina-Ontoria, Nuria F. Montcada, Nazario Martin, Anton Vidal-Ferran and Emilio Palomares
Chemical Communications 2015 vol. 51(Issue 73) pp:13980-13982
Publication Date(Web):30 Jul 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5CC05236J
We report the synthesis and characterisation of tetra{4-[N,N-(4,4′-dimethoxydiphenylamino)]phenyl}ethene (TAE-1) as an efficient and robust hole transport material for its application in methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite solar cells. The solar cells show light-to-energy conversion efficiencies as high as 11.0% under standard measurement conditions without the need of additional dopants.
Co-reporter:Javier López-Andarias, Altan Bolag, Christoph Nançoz, Eric Vauthey, Carmen Atienza, Naomi Sakai, Nazario Martín and Stefan Matile
Chemical Communications 2015 vol. 51(Issue 35) pp:7543-7545
Publication Date(Web):07 Apr 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5CC01551K
Fullerenes of increasing electron deficiency are designed, synthesized and evaluated in multicomponent surface architectures to ultimately build gradients in LUMO levels with nine components over 350 meV down to −4.22 eV.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano ; Zdenek Slanina ; Jaime Mateos ; Takayoshi Tsuchiya ; Hiroki Kurihara ; Filip Uhlik ; María Ángeles Herranz ; Nazario Martín ; Shigeru Nagase ;Takeshi Akasaka ◆
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2014 Volume 136(Issue 50) pp:17537-17546
Publication Date(Web):November 19, 2014
DOI:10.1021/ja509407j
Synthesizing unprecedented diamagnetic adducts of an endohedral metallofullerene was achieved by using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of paramagnetic La@Cs-C82 with a simultaneous hydrogen addition. The selective formation of two main products, La@Cs-C82HCMe2NMeCHPh (2a and 2b), was first detected by HPLC analysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 2a and 2b-O, which was readily formed by the oxidation of 2b, were isolated by multistep HPLC separation and were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D-NMR, UV–vis-NIR measurements and electrochemistry. The hydrogen atom was found to be connected to the fullerene cage directly in the case of 2a, and the redox behavior indicated that the C–H bond can still be readily oxidized. The reaction mechanism and the molecular structures of 2a and 2b were reasonably proposed by the interplay between experimental observations and DFT calculations. The feasible order of the reaction process would involve a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition followed by the hydrogen addition through a radical pathway. It is concluded that the characteristic electronic properties and molecular structure of La@Cs-C82 resulted in a site-selective reaction, which afforded a unique chemical derivative of an endohedral metallofullerene in high yields. Derivative 2a constitutes the first endohedral metallofullerene where the direct linking of a hydrogen atom has been structurally proven.
Co-reporter:Daniel Fernández, Aurélien Viterisi, James William Ryan, Francesc Gispert-Guirado, Sara Vidal, Salvatore Filippone, Nazario Martín and Emilio Palomares
Nanoscale 2014 vol. 6(Issue 11) pp:5871-5878
Publication Date(Web):12 Mar 2014
DOI:10.1039/C3NR06801C
The effect of alkyl chains in substituted diphenylmethano[70]fullerenes (C70-DPM) on the device characteristics of DPP(TBFu)2 small molecule-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell devices is investigated. By measuring charge carrier mobilities as well as the morphology and crystallinity of each device we have been able to understand and explain the differences found between solar cells made with the different C70-DPM fullerenes despite the general lack of simple relationships between the molecular structure, orbital level positioning and power conversion efficiency. Our study then concludes with some general rules for the future design of acceptors for DPP(TBFu)2 containing photoactive layers in the search for efficient organic solar cells.
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto, Marta Izquierdo, Michihisa Murata, Salvatore Filippone, Koichi Komatsu, Yasujiro Murata and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2014 vol. 50(Issue 6) pp:740-742
Publication Date(Web):12 Nov 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3CC46999A
A complete stereocontrol of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-metalated azomethine ylides onto endohedral fullerene H2@C60 is reported for the first time. The stereodivergent synthesis of either the cis or the trans endohedral cycloadduct is achieved with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
Co-reporter:Alberto Ruiz, Hiram Pérez, Cercis Morera-Boado, Luis Almagro, Cecilia C. P. da Silva, Javier Ellena, José M. García de la Vega, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez, Margarita Suárez and Nazario Martín
CrystEngComm 2014 vol. 16(Issue 33) pp:7802-7814
Publication Date(Web):10 Jun 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4CE00709C
A structural and conformational study of 3β-acetoxy-17-chloro-16-formyl-5α-androstan-16-ene has been carried out by using X-ray analysis and M06-2X density functional calculations. The compound crystallizes with three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Natural Bond Order and Atoms in Molecules methods were used for a better understanding of the key factors that determine the stability of this steroidal molecule, particularly the role of C–H⋯Cl intramolecular interactions. A detailed investigation of C–H⋯Cl and C–H⋯O intermolecular interactions, in addition to the most important van der Waals contribution, are presented by means of Hirshfeld surface analysis. The crystal packing exhibits an unusual intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bond pattern, and shows the importance of non-classical interactions in the construction of the supramolecular assembly. Excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental data is found.
Co-reporter:Carlos Alberto Echeverry, Alberto Insuasty, María Ángeles Herranz, Alejandro Ortíz, Robert Cotta, Vivek Dhas, Luis Echegoyen, Braulio Insuasty, Nazario Martín
Dyes and Pigments 2014 Volume 107() pp:9-14
Publication Date(Web):August 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2014.03.010
•New molecule with 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine as an acceptor and dye anchor.•Highest efficiency of 3.78% with two binding sites to TiO2.•Structural changes are observed due to the addition of a thiophene molecule as a linker.•Synthetic routes that incorporate the use of microwave conditions.Here we report the synthesis and characterization of five new organic dyes based on 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine, which simultaneously serves as an efficient electron-acceptor moiety and anchoring unit to the TiO2. Triphenylamine was used as the electron donor and a vinylthiophene unit was introduced to increase the pi-conjugation of the system and to widen the absorption region. The dye containing two 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine units and no thiophene units showed the best photovoltaic performance with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 7.76 mA/cm², an open circuit photovoltage of 0.62 V, and a fill factor of 0.68, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 3.78% under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW/cm²).
Co-reporter:Carlos Alberto Echeverry, María Ángeles Herranz, Alejandro Ortiz, Braulio Insuasty and Nazario Martín
New Journal of Chemistry 2014 vol. 38(Issue 12) pp:5801-5807
Publication Date(Web):11 Sep 2014
DOI:10.1039/C4NJ01261E
We report here the synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties of a series of novel exTTF-based organic dyes (3 and 7a,b) as well as their application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In the three designed dyes, the electron-donor exTTF group is connected to the rhodanine-3-acetic acid electron-acceptor unit through vinyl or vinyl-thiophene spacers. The electrochemical studies showed that the energy gap between the LUMO level of the dyes and the TiO2 conduction band decreases with the length of the conjugated system. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiencies of organic DSSCs fabricated with these dyes scale inversely with their light-harvesting ability.
Co-reporter:Dr. Helena Isla;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014 Volume 53( Issue 22) pp:5629-5633
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201402828
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers based on dispersion forces typically show lower molecular weights (MW) than those based on hydrogen bonding or metal–ligand coordination. We present the synthesis and self-assembling properties of a monomer featuring two complementary units, a C60 derivative and an exTTF-based macrocycle, that interact mainly through π–π, charge-transfer, and van der Waals interactions. Thanks to the preorganization in the host part, a remarkable log Ka=5.1±0.5 in CHCl3 at room temperature is determined for the host–guest couple. In accordance with the large binding constant, the monomer self-assembles in the gas phase, in solution, and in the solid state to form linear supramolecular polymers with a very high degree of polymerization. A MW above 150 kDa has been found experimentally in solution, while in the solid state the monomer forms extraordinarily long, straight, and uniform fibers with lengths reaching several microns.
Co-reporter:Dr. Helena Isla;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014 Volume 53( Issue 22) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201403680
Co-reporter:Alberto Ruíz, Cercis Morera-Boado, Luis Almagro, Julieta Coro, Enrique E. Maroto, María Ángeles Herranz, Salvatore Filippone, Dolores Molero, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez, José M. Garcia de la Vega, Margarita Suárez, and Nazario Martín
The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2014 Volume 79(Issue 8) pp:3473-3486
Publication Date(Web):March 25, 2014
DOI:10.1021/jo500178t
New [60]fullerene-steroid conjugates (4–6) have been synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and Bingel–Hirsch cyclopropanation reactions from suitably functionalized epiandrosterone and [60]fullerene. Since a new stereocenter is created in the formation of the Prato monoaduct, two different diastereomers were isolated by HPLC (4, 5) whose absolute configurations were assigned according to the highly reliable “sector rule” on fullerenes. A further reaction of the malonate-containing diastereomer 5 with a second C60 molecule has afforded dumbbell fullerene 6 in which the two fullerene units are covalently connected through an epiandrosterone moiety. The new compounds have been spectroscopically characterized and their redox potentials, determined by cyclic voltametry, reveal three reversible reduction waves for hybrids 4 and 5, whereas these signals are split in dumbbell 6. Theoretical calculations at semiempirical (AM1) and single point B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels have predicted the most stable conformations for the hybrid compounds (4–6), showing the importance of the chlorine atom on the D ring of the steroid. Furthermore, TDDFT calculations have allowed assignments of the experimentally determined circular dichroism (CD) of the [60]fullerene-steroid hybrids based on the sign and position of the Cotton effects, despite the exceptionally large systems under study.
Co-reporter:Andrea La Rosa, Katalin Gillemot, Edmund Leary, Charalambos Evangeli, María Teresa González, Salvatore Filippone, Gabino Rubio-Bollinger, Nicolás Agraït, Colin J. Lambert, and Nazario Martín
The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2014 Volume 79(Issue 11) pp:4871-4877
Publication Date(Web):April 21, 2014
DOI:10.1021/jo500342x
Two C60 dumbbell molecules have been synthesized containing either cyclopropane or pyrrolidine rings connecting two fullerenes to a central fluorene core. A combination of spectroscopic techniques reveals that the cyclopropane dumbbell possesses better electronic communication between the fullerenes and the fluorene. This observation is underpinned by DFT transport calculations, which show that the cyclopropane dumbbell gives a higher calculated single-molecule conductance, a result of an energetically lower-lying LUMO level that extends deeper into the backbone. This strengthens the idea that cyclopropane behaves as a quasi-double bond.
Co-reporter:Dr. Laura Rodríguez-Pérez;Dr. Raúl García;Dr. María Ángeles Herranz;Dr. Nazario Martín
Chemistry - A European Journal 2014 Volume 20( Issue 24) pp:7278-7286
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201400183
Abstract
A complementary double-covalent functionalization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that involves both solubilizing ionic liquids and electroactive moieties is reported. Our strategy is a simple and efficient methodology based on the stepwise functionalization of the nanotube surface with two different organic moieties. In a first instance, oxidized SWCNTs are amidated with ionic liquid precursors, and further treated with n-butyl bromide to afford SWCNTs functionalized with 1-butylimidazolium bromide. This approach allows tuneable polarity induced by anion exchange, which has an effect on the relative solubility of the modified SWCNTs in water. Subsequently, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction was performed to introduce the electron-acceptor 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthra-para-quinodimethane (TCAQ) unit on the SWCNTs. Furthermore, to evaluate the influence of the functional group position, the TCAQ electroactive molecule was anchored through an esterification reaction onto previously oxidized SWCNTs, followed by the Tour reaction to introduce the ionic liquid functions. IR and Raman spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed and clearly confirmed the double-covalent functionalization of the SWCNTs.
Se describe la doble funcionalización de SWCNTs con unidades complementarias: líquidos iónicos, que solubilizan, y fragmentos electroactivos. Nuestra estrategia consiste en una metodología simple y eficiente, basada en la funcionalización por pasos de la superficie de los nanotubos, con dos unidades orgánicas diferentes. En primer lugar, se ha llevado a cabo una reacción de amidación con SWCNTs oxidados y precursores de líquidos iónicos que, tras tratamiento con bromuro de n-butilo, permite obtener las correspondientes sales de bromuro de 1-butilimidazolinio y SWCNTs. De este modo, se puede modular la polaridad de los SWCNTs mediante intercambio iónico y, por tanto, su solubilidad en agua. A continuación, se lleva a cabo una reacción de cicloadición 1,3-dipolar para introducir la unidad electroactiva de 11,11,12,12-tetraciano-9,10-antra-para-quinodimetano (TCAQ) en los SWCNTs. Para evaluar la influencia que las diferentes posiciones de los grupos funcionales pudieran tener, en un procedimiento alternativo, las unidades de TCAQ han sido conectadas a la superficie de SWCNTs mediante reacción de esterificación con SWCNTs previamente oxidados, mientras que las funcionalidades de tipo líquido iónico han sido introducidas mediante reacción de Tour. La doble funcionalización covalente de los SWCNTs ha sido establecida mediante espectroscopias infrarroja y Raman, análisis termogravimétrico (ATG), espectroscopia UV-vis-NIR, microscopia de transmisión electrónica (TEM), y espectroscopia fotoelectrónica de rayos X (XPS).
Co-reporter:Dr. Laura Rodríguez-Pérez;Dr. Raúl García;Dr. María Ángeles Herranz;Dr. Nazario Martín
Chemistry - A European Journal 2014 Volume 20( Issue 24) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201400436
Abstract
Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Nazario Martín at Universidad Complutense de Madrid and IMDEA Nanoscience. The image depicts how doubly functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be switched from being soluble in aqueous solutions (with a Br− counteranion) to being soluble in organic solvents (with a PF6− counteranion). Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201400183.
Co-reporter:Dr. Laura Rodríguez-Pérez;Dr. Raúl García;Dr. María Ángeles Herranz;Dr. Nazario Martín
Chemistry - A European Journal 2014 Volume 20( Issue 24) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201490095
Co-reporter:Dr. Altan Bolag;Javier López-Andarias;Santiago Lascano;Saeideh Soleimanpour;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Dr. Naomi Sakai; Nazario Martín; Stefan Matile
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014 Volume 53( Issue 19) pp:4890-4895
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201402042
Abstract
The development of synthetic methods to build complex functional systems is a central and current challenge in organic chemistry. This goal is important because supramolecular architectures of highest sophistication account for function in nature, and synthetic organic chemistry, contrary to high standards with small molecules, fails to deliver functional systems of similar complexity. In this report, we introduce a collection of fullerenes that is compatible with the construction of multicomponent charge-transfer cascades and can be placed in triple-channel architectures next to stacks of oligothiophenes and naphthalenediimides. For the creation of this collection, modern fullerene chemistry—methanofullerenes and 1,4-diarylfullerenes—is combined with classical Nierengarten–Diederich–Bingel approaches.
Co-reporter:María Gallego;Joaquín Calbo;Dr. Juan Aragó;Rafael M. KrickCalderon;Ferno H. Liquido;Takahiro Iwamoto;Allison K. Greene;Edward A. Jackson;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez;Dr. Enrique Ortí;Dr. Dirk M. Guldi;Dr. Lawrence T. Scott;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014 Volume 53( Issue 8) pp:2170-2175
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201309672
Abstract
Herein, we investigate the association of a fullerene fragment, hemifullerene C30H12, with an electron-donating bowl-shaped tetrathiafulvalene derivative (truxTTF). UV/Vis titrations and DFT calculations support formation of the supramolecular complex, for which an association constant of log Ka=3.6±0.3 in CHCl3 at room temperature is calculated. Remarkably, electron transfer from truxTTF to C30H12 to form the fully charge-separated species takes place upon irradiation of the associate with light, constituting the first example in which a fullerene fragment mimics the electron-accepting behavior of fullerenes within a supramolecular complex.
Co-reporter:Dr. Altan Bolag;Javier López-Andarias;Santiago Lascano;Saeideh Soleimanpour;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Dr. Naomi Sakai; Nazario Martín; Stefan Matile
Angewandte Chemie 2014 Volume 126( Issue 19) pp:4990-4995
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201402042
Abstract
The development of synthetic methods to build complex functional systems is a central and current challenge in organic chemistry. This goal is important because supramolecular architectures of highest sophistication account for function in nature, and synthetic organic chemistry, contrary to high standards with small molecules, fails to deliver functional systems of similar complexity. In this report, we introduce a collection of fullerenes that is compatible with the construction of multicomponent charge-transfer cascades and can be placed in triple-channel architectures next to stacks of oligothiophenes and naphthalenediimides. For the creation of this collection, modern fullerene chemistry—methanofullerenes and 1,4-diarylfullerenes—is combined with classical Nierengarten–Diederich–Bingel approaches.
Co-reporter:Mateusz Wielopolski ; Agustín Molina-Ontoria ; Christina Schubert ; Johannes T. Margraf ; Evangelos Krokos ; Johannes Kirschner ; Andreas Gouloumis ; Timothy Clark ; Dirk M. Guldi ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013 Volume 135(Issue 28) pp:10372-10381
Publication Date(Web):May 16, 2013
DOI:10.1021/ja401239r
A series of ZnP-pCp-oPPV-C60 conjugates covalently connected through [2,2′]-paracyclophane-oligophenylenevinylene (pCp-oPPV) bridges containing one, two, and three [2,2′]-paracyclophanes (pCps) has been prepared in multistep synthetic procedures involving Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination reactions and/or Heck type Pd-catalyzed reactions. Molecular modeling suggests that charge transfer is effectively mediated by the pCp-oPPVs through a predominant hole-transfer mechanism. Photophysical investigation supports molecular modeling and reveals two major trends. On one hand, C60 excitation of 1, 2, and 3 leads exclusively to charge transfer between pCp and C60 to afford a ZnP-(pCp-oPPV)•+-C60•– radical ion pair state without giving rise to a subsequent charge shift to yield the ZnP•+-pCp-oPPV-C60•– radical ion pair state. On the other hand, ZnP excitation of 1, 2, and 3 results in a rather slow charge transfer between ZnP and C60, after which the ZnP•+-pCp-oPPV-C60•– radical ion pair state evolves. In temperature-dependent ZnP fluorescence experiments, which were performed in the temperature range from 273 to 338 K, two domains are discernible: low and high temperature behaviors. In the low temperature range (i.e., below 30 °C) the rate constants do not change, suggesting that a superexchange mechanism is the modus operandi. In the high temperature range (i.e., >30 °C) the rate constants increase. Moreover, we find rather strong distance dependence for 1 and 2 and weak distance dependence for 2 and 3. A damping factor of 0.145 Å–1 is derived for the former pair and 0.012 Å–1 for the latter.
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto ; Salvatore Filippone ; Margarita Suárez ; Roberto Martínez-Álvarez ; Abel de Cózar ; Fernando P. Cossío ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013 Volume 136(Issue 2) pp:705-712
Publication Date(Web):December 22, 2013
DOI:10.1021/ja410408c
A wide range of new dipoles and catalysts have been used in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of N-metalated azomethine ylides onto C60 yielding a full stereodivergent synthesis of pyrrolidino[60]fullerenes with complete diastereoselectivities and very high enantioselectivities. The use of less-explored chiral α-iminoamides as starting 1,3-dipoles leads to an interesting double asymmetric induction resulting in a matching/mismatching effect depending upon the absolute configuration of the stereocenter in the starting α-iminoamide. An enantioselective process was also found in the retrocycloaddition reaction as revealed by mass spectrometry analysis on quasi-enantiomeric pyrrolidino[60]fullerenes. Theoretical DFT calculations are in very good agreement with the experimental data. On the basis of this agreement, a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Co-reporter:Konstantin Dirian, M. Ángeles Herranz, Georgios Katsukis, Jenny Malig, Laura Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos Romero-Nieto, Volker Strauss, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Science 2013 vol. 4(Issue 12) pp:4335-4353
Publication Date(Web):31 Jul 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3SC51100F
This Minireview sheds light onto the electronic communication between, on one hand, low dimensional nanocarbons – single and multiwalled 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene – and, on the other hand, a variety of electroactive species en-route to novel electron donor–acceptor conjugates and hybrids in relation to their covalent and non-covalent chemistry, respectively. A common denominator to any of the highlighted conjugates/hybrids is charge transport across different scales, that is, from individual molecular conjugates/hybrids to morphologically controlled devices.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano, Christina Schubert, Naomi Mizorogi, Lai Feng, Azusa Iwano, Mikimasa Katayama, M. Ángeles Herranz, Dirk M. Guldi, Nazario Martín, Shigeru Nagase and Takeshi Akasaka
Chemical Science 2013 vol. 4(Issue 8) pp:3166-3171
Publication Date(Web):17 May 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3SC00004D
Intramolecular and intermolecular electronic interactions are important concepts for fabricating fullerene-based nanostructures such as bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells and supramolecular assemblies. To ascertain differences of the molecular interactions depending on the electronic characteristics of the fullerene adducts, we have synthesized and investigated the [5,6]-open and [6,6]-closed adducts of C60, which are covalently linked to π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) by a flexible σ-bond chain. The two adducts were synthesized by means of cycloaddition reactions and were characterized using spectroscopic methods such as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Electronic properties of the [5,6]-open and [6,6]-closed adducts were investigated in the ground and excited states using steady-state absorption spectroscopy, cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (CV and DPV), fluorescence spectroscopy, and femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. DFT calculations of the two adducts predict that the flexible bridge between C60 and exTTF enables a closer proximity than the interlayer distance of graphite (3.35 Å), which dictates considerable π–π interactions. In comparing the [5,6]- and [6,6]-adducts, it is noteworthy to mention that the [6,6]-adduct revealed longer lifetimes of the photochemically formed radical ion pair states than that of the [5,6]-adduct, which is in contrast to results of recent investigations related to the photodynamics of [5,6]- and [6,6]-adducts of C60. Titration experiments using references, namely [5,6]- and [6,6]-PC61BM, inferred that the [6,6]-adduct gives rise to stronger electronic interactions with exTTF than the [5,6]-adduct. Comprehensive understanding of the different molecular properties, which the [5,6]- and [6,6]-adducts exhibit, provides valuable information regarding the morphology and/or the electronic properties of C60-based nanocomposites, such as C60-based BHJ solar cells or supramolecular assemblies.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2013 vol. 49(Issue 11) pp:1039-1041
Publication Date(Web):20 Dec 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2CC35608B
In this viewpoint, the first separation, isolation and characterization of C60 and C70 molecules carried out by Kroto as well as their separation by using non-covalent interactions involving the host–guest concept with cyclodextrins by Wennerstrom are discussed; whereas the first paper described fullerenes as a huge family of new nanoforms of carbon, the second one paved the way to the supramolecular chemistry of fullerenes.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2013 vol. 49(Issue 63) pp:7025-7027
Publication Date(Web):13 Jun 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3CC00240C
Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) is among the most versatile and well-known molecules which exhibits outstanding redox properties and a remarkable electron donor character. Its first synthesis was published in a short communication by Wudl in 1970. In this viewpoint, its synthesis and characterization are discussed and, most importantly, the significance of TTF in the development of electrically conducting materials (organic or synthetic metals) and its further application in molecular electronics are highlighted.
Co-reporter:Laura Rodríguez-Pérez, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2013 vol. 49(Issue 36) pp:3721-3735
Publication Date(Web):14 Mar 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3CC38950B
Graphene is a unique material with outstanding mechanical and electronic properties. For solution processes graphene layers have to be stabilized by means of molecular or supramolecular chemical derivatization, prior to their transfer to solid substrates. The most common chemical methodology for the preparation of graphene involves the formation of graphene oxide under highly oxidizing conditions, which even after reduction, lacks the electronic quality of pristine graphene. Presently, there is increasing concern in the chemical community about the starting material quality, and recent efforts are directed to wet chemical approaches toward high-quality graphene flakes which encompass the use of graphite as initial material. In addition, epitaxial growth of graphene on metallic surfaces is becoming a powerful technique for the production of pristine graphene with a control on its electronic properties, somehow due to the supramolecular interaction with the metallic surface. Current approaches for the preparation of modified pristine graphene are the aim of this review.
Co-reporter:Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Lourdes Infantes, Joaquín Calbo, Rafael Viruela, Enrique Ortí, Juan Luis Delgado, and Nazario Martín
Organic Letters 2013 Volume 15(Issue 16) pp:4166-4169
Publication Date(Web):July 30, 2013
DOI:10.1021/ol401841u
Three new push–pull chromophores based on the 10-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)anthracene core were synthesized and fully characterized. The new chromophores display broad absorption spectra, nearly covering the whole visible region, with high extinction coefficients. Electrochemistry and theoretical calculations allowed the understanding of these singular electronic properties. The molecular structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
Co-reporter:Dr. Juan Marco-Martínez;Dr. Vanesa Marcos;Dr. Silvia Reboredo;Dr. Salvatore Filippone;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2013 Volume 52( Issue 19) pp:5115-5119
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201301292
Co-reporter:Dr. Carlos Romero-Nieto;Dr. Raúl García;Dr. María Ángeles Herranz;Dr. Laura Rodríguez-Pérez;Dr. Macarena Sánchez-Navarro;Dr. Javier Rojo;Dr. Nazario Martín;Dr. Dirk M. Guldi
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2013 Volume 52( Issue 39) pp:10216-10220
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201304032
Co-reporter:Dr. Fulvio G. Brunetti;Helena Isla;Dr. Juan Aragó;Dr. Enrique Ortí;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez;Dr. Nazario Martín
Chemistry - A European Journal 2013 Volume 19( Issue 30) pp:9843-9848
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201301102
Abstract
The supramolecular modification of planar graphene with the geometrically mismatched, curved 9,10-di(1,3-dithiole-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (exTTF) molecule is demonstrated. The exTTF–graphene interaction is governed by π–π and CH–π interactions, with a negligible contribution from charge transfer. We amplified these weak forces through multivalent gold nanoparticles. Our results show that planarity is not a prerequisite for recognition motifs for graphene.
Co-reporter:Joanna Luczkowiak, Antonio Muñoz, Macarena Sánchez-Navarro, Renato Ribeiro-Viana, Anthony Ginieis, Beatriz M. Illescas, Nazario Martín, Rafael Delgado, and Javier Rojo
Biomacromolecules 2013 Volume 14(Issue 2) pp:
Publication Date(Web):January 1, 2013
DOI:10.1021/bm3016658
Water-soluble glycofullerenes based on a hexakis-adduct of [60]fullerene with an octahedral addition pattern are very attractive compounds providing a spherical presentation of carbohydrates. These tools have been recently described and they have been used to interact with lectins in a multivalent manner. Here, we present the use of these glycofullerenes, including new members with 36 mannoses, as compounds able to inhibit a DC-SIGN-dependent cell infection by pseudotyped viral particles. The results obtained in these experiments demonstrate for the first time that these glycoconjugates are adequate to inhibit efficiently an infection process, and therefore, they can be considered as very promising and interesting tools to interfere in biological events where lectins such as DC-SIGN are involved.
Co-reporter:Alberto Ruiz, Julieta Coro, Luis Almagro, José A. Ruiz, Dolores Molero, Enrique E. Maroto, Salvatore Filippone, María Ángeles Herranz, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez, Juan Carlos Sancho-García, Florent Di Meo, Margarita Suárez, and Nazario Martín
The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2013 Volume 78(Issue 7) pp:2819-2826
Publication Date(Web):January 25, 2013
DOI:10.1021/jo302528t
The design and synthesis of fullerene–steroid hybrids by using Prato’s protocol has afforded new fullerene derivatives endowed with epiandrosterone, an important naturally occurring steroid hormone. Since the formation of the pyrrolidine ring resulting from the 1,3-dipolar cyloaddition reaction takes place with generation of a new stereogenic center on the C2 of the five-membered ring, the reaction proceeds with formation of a diastereomeric mixture [compounds 6 and 7 in 70:30 ratio, 8 and 9 in 26:74 ratio (HPLC)] in which the formation of the major diasteroisomers 6 and 9 is consistent with an electrophilic attack of [60]fullerene on the Re face of the azomethine ylide directed by the steroidic unit. The chiroptical properties of these conjugates reveal typical Cotton effects in CD spectra that have been used to assign the absolute configuration of the new fulleropyrrolidines. The electrochemical study of the new compounds reveals the presence of four quasi-reversible reduction waves which are cathodically shifted in comparison with the parent C60, thus ascertaining the proposed structures.
Co-reporter:Dr. Fulvio G. Brunetti;Dr. Carlos Romero-Nieto;Javier López-Andarias;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Dr. Juan Luis López; Dirk M. Guldi; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie 2013 Volume 125( Issue 8) pp:2236-2240
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201207006
Co-reporter:Dr. Fulvio G. Brunetti;Dr. Carlos Romero-Nieto;Javier López-Andarias;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Dr. Juan Luis López; Dirk M. Guldi; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2013 Volume 52( Issue 8) pp:2180-2184
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201207006
Co-reporter:Dr. Juan Marco-Martínez;Dr. Vanesa Marcos;Dr. Silvia Reboredo;Dr. Salvatore Filippone;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie 2013 Volume 125( Issue 19) pp:5219-5223
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201301292
Co-reporter:Dr. Carlos Romero-Nieto;Dr. Raúl García;Dr. María Ángeles Herranz;Dr. Laura Rodríguez-Pérez;Dr. Macarena Sánchez-Navarro;Dr. Javier Rojo;Dr. Nazario Martín;Dr. Dirk M. Guldi
Angewandte Chemie 2013 Volume 125( Issue 39) pp:10406-10410
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201304032
Co-reporter:Carlos Romero-Nieto ; Raúl García ; M. Ángeles Herranz ; Christian Ehli ; Michaela Ruppert ; Andreas Hirsch ; Dirk M. Guldi ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012 Volume 134(Issue 22) pp:9183-9192
Publication Date(Web):May 11, 2012
DOI:10.1021/ja211362z
Electron donor–acceptor hybrids based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are one of the most promising functional structures that are currently developed in the emerging areas of energy conversion schemes and molecular electronics. As a suitable electron donor, π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) stands out owing to its recognition of SWCNT through π–π stacking and electron donor–acceptor interactions. Herein, we explore the shape and electronic complementarity between different types of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and a tweezers-shaped molecule endowed with two exTTFs in water. The efficient electronic communication between semiconducting SWCNT/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), on one hand, and the water-soluble exTTF nanotweezers 8, on the other hand, has been demonstrated in the ground and excited state by using steady-state as well as time-resolved spectroscopies, which were further complemented by microscopy. Importantly, appreciable electronic communication results in the electronic ground state having a shift of electron density, that is, from exTTFs to CNT, and in the electronic excited state having a full separation of electron density, that is oxidized exTTF and reduced CNT. Lifetimes in the range of several hundred picoseconds, which were observed for the corresponding electron transfer products upon light irradiation, tend to be appreciably longer in MWCNT/8 than in SWCNT/8.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano ; Shota Obuchi ; Naomi Mizorogi ; Raúl García ; M. Ángeles Herranz ; Marc Rudolf ; Silke Wolfrum ; Dirk M. Guldi ; Nazario Martín ; Shigeru Nagase ;Takeshi Akasaka
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012 Volume 134(Issue 39) pp:16103-16106
Publication Date(Web):September 13, 2012
DOI:10.1021/ja3055386
Electron donor–acceptor conjugates of paramagnetic endohedral metallofullerenes and π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) were synthesized, characterized, and probed with respect to intramolecular electron transfer involving paramagnetic fullerenes. UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy complemented by electrochemical measurements attested to weak electronic interactions between the electron donor, exTTF, and the electron acceptor, La@C82, in the ground state. In the excited state, photoexcitation powers a fast intramolecular electron transfer to yield an ion and radical ion pair state consisting of one-electron-reduced La@C82 and of one-electron-oxidized exTTF.
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto ; Salvatore Filippone ; Angel Martín-Domenech ; Margarita Suarez ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012 Volume 134(Issue 31) pp:12936-12938
Publication Date(Web):July 26, 2012
DOI:10.1021/ja306105b
Stereodivergent syntheses of cis/trans pyrrolidino[3,4:1,2]fullerenes and endo/exo pyrrolidines are reported with high enantioselectivity levels. Fullerenes are revealed as a useful benchmark to develop suitable catalysts to control the stereochemical outcome and to shed light on the mechanism involved in the related 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano ; Shota Obuchi ; Naomi Mizorogi ; Raúl García ; M. Ángeles Herranz ; Marc Rudolf ; Dirk M. Guldi ; Nazario Martín ; Shigeru Nagase ;Takeshi Akasaka
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012 Volume 134(Issue 47) pp:19401-19408
Publication Date(Web):November 2, 2012
DOI:10.1021/ja307341g
An endohedral metallofullerene, La2@C80, is covalently linked to the strong electron acceptor 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthra-p-quinodimethane (TCAQ) by means of the Prato reaction, affording two different [5,6]-metallofulleropyrrolidines, namely 1a and 2a. 1a and 2a were isolated and fully characterized by means of MALDI-TOF mass, UV–vis–NIR absorption, and NMR spectroscopies. In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) corroborated the unique redox character of 2a, that is, the presence of the electron-donating La2@C80 and the electron-accepting TCAQ. Although a weak electronic coupling dictates the interactions between La2@C80 and TCAQ in the ground state, time-resolved transient absorption experiments reveal that in the excited state (i.e., π–π* centered at La2@C80) the unprecedented formation of the (La2@C80)•+–(TCAQ)•– radical ion pair state evolves in nonpolar and polar media with a quantum efficiency of 33%.
Co-reporter:Helena Isla, Bruno Grimm, Emilio M. Pérez, M. Rosario Torres, M. Ángeles Herranz, Rafael Viruela, Juan Aragó, Enrique Ortí, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Chemical Science 2012 vol. 3(Issue 2) pp:498-508
Publication Date(Web):19 Oct 2011
DOI:10.1039/C1SC00669J
We describe the synthesis, electronic, optical and photophysical properties of a family of three electron-donor bowl-shaped organic molecules that absorb light in the whole range of the visible spectrum (up to 800 nm in one case), and associate C60 in solution with binding constants in the range of 104–102 M−1 as measured from both UV-vis and fluorescence titrations in several solvents. These molecules are π-extended derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene, based on a truxene core to which two or three units of dithiole are covalently attached. The inclusion of the bulky dithiole groups is responsible for their bowl-shape geometry, which allows them to associate with C60, and their electron-donor character. The symmetric derivative 1, with three dithiole units, absorbs light in the 370–520 nm range. Exchanging one of the dithiole groups by an electron-withdrawing group, ketone (2) and dicyanomethylene (3), results in an intramolecular push–pull effect that extends the absorption to nearly 700 nm in the case of 2, and up to 800 nm in the case of 3. Transient absorption measurements, supported by spectroelectrochemical and radiolytical experiments, reveal that upon photoexcitation of the 1∙C60 associate the fully charge-separated state 1•+∙C60•− is generated, with lifetimes of hundreds of picoseconds. Molecular-level understanding of the electronic and supramolecular properties of 1–3 is provided by density functional theory calculations.
Co-reporter:Fulvio G. Brunetti, Juan Luis López, Carmen Atienza and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2012 vol. 22(Issue 10) pp:4188-4205
Publication Date(Web):06 Feb 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2JM15710A
In this review article, we present the features and properties of 9,10-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (exTTF) in molecular electronics. Due to its strong donor character accompanied by a geometrical conformational change upon the formation of the oxidized di-cation species, exTTF has found remarkable applications in several fields of interest including covalent and supramolecular ensembles, molecular wires, artificial photosynthetic systems as well as photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, very recent results have shown an interesting self-organization of hierarchical electroactive nanostructures where exTTF plays a leading role.
Co-reporter:Carlos Romero-Nieto, Anaïs Medina, Agustin Molina-Ontoria, Christian G. Claessens, Luis Echegoyen, Nazario Martín, Tomás Torres and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2012 vol. 48(Issue 41) pp:4953-4955
Publication Date(Web):17 Apr 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2CC31167D
One carbon atom is too many. Two subphthalocyanine-extended TTF electron donor–acceptor conjugates were synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical properties prompt the remarkable impact that one extra carbon between the two constitutents exerts on photoinduced processes, that is, charge recombination dynamics in the normal versus inverted region.
Co-reporter:Enrique Ruiz, Hortensia Rodríguez, Julieta Coro, Vladimir Niebla, Alfredo Rodríguez, Roberto Martínez-Alvarez, Hector Novoa de Armas, Margarita Suárez, Nazario Martín
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2012 Volume 19(Issue 2) pp:221-226
Publication Date(Web):March 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.07.003
A facile, efficient and environment-friendly protocol for the synthesis of 6-chloro-5-formyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives has been developed by the convenient ultrasound-mediated reaction of 2(1H)pyridone derivatives with the Vilsmeier–Haack reagent. This method provides several advantages over current reaction methodologies including a simpler work-up procedure, shorter reaction times and higher yields.Highlights► Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of 6-chloro-5-formyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. ► The ultrasound irradiation accelerates the reaction rate greatly under mild conditions. ► Better reaction times than conventional methods.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez and Nazario Martín
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2012 vol. 10(Issue 18) pp:3577-3583
Publication Date(Web):06 Feb 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2OB07159B
The selective recognition of chiral carbon nanoforms poses a fundamental challenge. New design principles must be devised to construct hosts capable of enantiodiscrimination between species in which chirality does not arise from asymmetric carbon atoms. In this emerging area article, we provide an overview of some of the relatively few successful examples of chiral recognition of carbon nanoforms, highlighting their common features with the aim of helping to develop general trends for the design of new generations of hosts.
Co-reporter:Agustín Molina-Ontoria;Raúl García;Andreas Gouloumis;Francesco Giacalone;M. Rosario Torres;Nazario Martín
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2012 Volume 2012( Issue 19) pp:3581-3586
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.201200115
Abstract
The synthesis and X-ray structure of a new and readily available exTTF derivative (6) bearing a methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide moiety as a new building block for the construction of electroactive molecules is reported. The phosphonium salt 6, which was prepared in one step from 2-hydroxymethyl-exTTF as a stable yellow solid in 84 % yield, efficiently undergoes Wittig olefination reactions with a variety of aldehydes to predominantly form the E isomer. Electronic spectra and cyclic voltammetry of the novel compounds reveal the electronic communication between the electroactive units.
Co-reporter:Dr. Juan Luis López;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Alberto Insuasty;Javier López-Andarias;Dr. Carlos Romero-Nieto; Dirk M. Guldi; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012 Volume 51( Issue 16) pp:3857-3861
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201109162
Co-reporter: Uwe H. F. Bunz;Dipl.-Chem. Sebastian Menning; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012 Volume 51( Issue 29) pp:7094-7101
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201201494
Co-reporter: Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012 Volume 51( Issue 14) pp:3280-3281
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201200231
Co-reporter: Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie 2012 Volume 124( Issue 14) pp:3334-3335
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201200231
Co-reporter:Dr. Juan Luis López;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Alberto Insuasty;Javier López-Andarias;Dr. Carlos Romero-Nieto; Dirk M. Guldi; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie 2012 Volume 124( Issue 16) pp:3923-3927
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201109162
Co-reporter:Raúl García, Ma Ángeles Herranz, Ma Rosario Torres, Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Juan Luis Delgado, Joaquín Calbo, Pedro M. Viruela, Enrique Ortí, and Nazario Martín
The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2012 Volume 77(Issue 23) pp:10707-10717
Publication Date(Web):November 6, 2012
DOI:10.1021/jo302047m
A new family of π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) donor–acceptor chromophores has been synthesized by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of TCNE with exTTF-substituted alkynes and subsequent cycloreversion. X-ray data and theoretical calculations, performed at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, show that the new chromophores exhibit highly distorted nonplanar molecular structures with largely twisted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) units. The electronic and optical properties, investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements, are significantly modified when the TCBD acceptor unit is substituted with a donor phenyl group, which increases the twisting of the TCBD units and reduces the conjugation between the two dicyanovinyl subunits. The introduction of phenyl substituents hampers the oxidation and reduction processes and, at the same time, largely increases the optical band gap. An effective electronic communication between the donor and acceptor units, although limited by the distorted molecular geometry, is evidenced both in the ground and in the excited electronic states. The electronic absorption spectra are characterized by low- to medium-intense charge-transfer bands that extend to the near-infrared.
Co-reporter:Dr. Pierre-Antoine Bouit;Magdalena Marszalek;Dr. Robin Humphry-Baker;Dr. Rafael Viruela;Dr. Enrique Ortí;Dr. Shaik M. Zakeeruddin;Dr. Michael Grätzel;Dr. Juan Luis Delgado;Dr. Nazario Martín
Chemistry - A European Journal 2012 Volume 18( Issue 37) pp:11621-11629
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201201022
Abstract
Two donor–acceptor molecular tweezers incorporating the 10-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)anthracene unit as donor group and two cyanoacrylic units as accepting/anchoring groups are reported as metal-free sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. By changing the phenyl spacer with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units, the absorption spectrum of the sensitizer is red-shifted with a corresponding increase in the molar absorptivity. Density functional calculations confirmed the intramolecular charge-transfer nature of the lowest-energy absorption bands. The new dyes are highly distorted from planarity and are bound to the TiO2 surface through the two anchoring groups in a unidentate binding form. A power-conversion efficiency of 3.7 % was obtained with a volatile CH3CN-based electrolyte, under air mass 1.5 global sunlight. Photovoltage decay transients and ATR-FTIR measurements allowed us to understand the photovoltaic performance, as well as the surface binding, of these new sensitizers.
Co-reporter:Mateusz Wielopolski, José Santos, Beatriz M. Illescas, Alejandro Ortiz, Braulio Insuasty, Thilo Bauer, Timothy Clark, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Energy & Environmental Science 2011 vol. 4(Issue 3) pp:765-771
Publication Date(Web):08 Feb 2011
DOI:10.1039/C0EE00499E
Rigid and soluble electron donor–acceptor conjugates (3 and 11) that combine π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) as an electron donor and C60 as an electron acceptor have been synthesized using oligo-vinylfluorene (oFV) linkers to connect the electroactive entities. Fluorescence and transient absorption measurements confirm that light-induced excitation induces charge-transfer reactions over distances of 28 Å in THF. The incorporation of vinylene spacers into oligofluorene molecular wires has been shown both experimentally and theoretically to improve the charge-transfer features significantly to give a β value of 0.075 ± 0.001 Å−1. Enhanced π-conjugation caused by higher orbital overlap is responsible for this trend.
Co-reporter:Carmen Villegas, Evangelos Krokos, Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Juan Luis Delgado, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Energy & Environmental Science 2011 vol. 4(Issue 3) pp:679-684
Publication Date(Web):04 Jan 2011
DOI:10.1039/C0EE00497A
New anionic fullerene–heptamethine conjugates absorbing as far as 900 nm have been synthesized and fully characterized by physicochemical means. In terms of electron transfer, we have succeeded in realizing the rarely occurring scenario of a charge transfer commencing with a higher excited state. Kinetic studies reveal that charge separation and charge recombination dynamics occur in the normal and inverted Marcus region, respectively.
Co-reporter:Antonio Muñoz ; Beatriz M. Illescas ; Macarena Sánchez-Navarro ; Javier Rojo ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011 Volume 133(Issue 42) pp:16758-16761
Publication Date(Web):September 14, 2011
DOI:10.1021/ja206769a
Three new amphiphilic dendrofullerenes endowed with 4, 8, and 16 carboxylic groups have been efficiently prepared by using a click chemistry methodology. These amphiphilic fullerene derivatives aggregate forming micelles, nanorods, or hollow vesicles depending on the concentration and on the solid substrate.
Co-reporter:Koji Sawai ; Yuta Takano ; Marta Izquierdo ; Salvatore Filippone ; Nazario Martín ; Zdenek Slanina ; Naomi Mizorogi ; Markus Waelchli ; Takahiro Tsuchiya ; Takeshi Akasaka ;Shigeru Nagase
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011 Volume 133(Issue 44) pp:17746-17752
Publication Date(Web):September 28, 2011
DOI:10.1021/ja2062727
Endohedral metallofullerenes are promising materials in biomedical and material sciences. In particular, they are of interest as agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photovoltaic devices, and semimetallic components. The synthesis of chiral endofullerenes represents one step further in the potential use of these carbon allotropes; however, this step has not been addressed so far. In this regard, enantiopure endofullerenes are expected to open new avenues in fields in which chirality is a key issue. Here, the synthesis and characterization of the first chiral endohedral metallofullerenes, namely, chiral bis-adducts of La@C72, are reported. Eight optically active isomers were obtained by enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a N-metalated azomethine ylide onto a non-isolated-pentagon rule metallofullerene derivative, La@C72(C6H3Cl2), catalyzed by a copper chiral complex. The chiral bis-adducts of La@C72, isolated by nonchiral HPLC, showed optical purities as high as 98% as revealed by the remarkable positive or negative Cotton effects observed in the circular dichroic spectra.
Co-reporter:Agustín Molina-Ontoria ; Mateusz Wielopolski ; Julian Gebhardt ; Andreas Gouloumis ; Timothy Clark ; Dirk M. Guldi ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011 Volume 133(Issue 8) pp:2370-2373
Publication Date(Web):February 7, 2011
DOI:10.1021/ja109745a
The electronic coupling as well as the attenuation factor (β), which depends primarily on the nature of the molecular bridge and is used as a benchmark to test the molecular wire behavior, have been determined in a systematic study carried out on a series of ZnP/C60 conjugates connected through a [2,2′]paracyclophane−oligophenylenevinylene (pCp-oPPV). The convergent synthesis involves a series of Horner−Emmons olefination reactions or double palladium-catalized Heck-type reactions. ZnP−pCp−C60 conjugates were finally obtained by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the in situ-generated azomethyne ylide containing the ZnP−pCp moiety to the [60]fullerene using Prato conditions. Experimental (UV−vis, fluorescence, transient absorption spectroscopy, and solution electrochemistry) and theoretical studies revealed that the pCps act as molecular junctions. If hole transfer is assumed to be the dominant charge transfer (CT) mechanism, CT is facilitated in one direction (from C60 to ZnP via pCp) but disfavored in the other direction (from ZnP to C60 via pCp).
Co-reporter:David Canevet ; María Gallego ; Helena Isla ; Alberto de Juan ; Emilio M. Pérez ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011 Volume 133(Issue 9) pp:3184-3190
Publication Date(Web):February 14, 2011
DOI:10.1021/ja111072j
Exploiting the shape and electronic complementarity of C60 and C70 with π-extended derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF), we have very recently reported a macrocyclic receptor featuring two exTTF recognizing units which forms 1:1 complexes with C60 with log Ka = 6.5 ± 0.5 in chlorobenzene at 298 K. This represents one of the highest binding constants toward C60 reported to date and a world-record for all-organic receptors. Here, we describe our efforts to fine-tune our macrocyclic bis-exTTF hosts to bind C60 and/or C70, through structural variations. On the basis of preliminary molecular modeling, we have explored p-xylene, m-xylene, and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene as aromatic spacers between the two exTTF fragments and three alkene-terminated chains of different length to achieve macrocycles of different size through ring closing metathesis. Owing to the structural simplicity of our design, all nine receptors could be accessed in a synthetically straightforward manner. A thorough investigation of the binding abilities of these nine receptors toward C60 and C70 has been carried out by means of UV−vis titrations. We have found that relatively small variations in the structure of the host lead to very significant changes in affinity toward the fullerene, and in some cases even in the stoichiometry of the associates. Our results highlight the peculiarities of fullerenes as guests in molecular recognition. The extreme stability of these associates in solution and the unique combination of electronic and geometrical reciprocity of exTTF and fullerenes are the main features of this new family of macrocyclic hosts for fullerenes.
Co-reporter:Carmen Villegas, Juan Luis Delgado, Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Bruno Grimm, Wolfgang Seitz, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Science 2011 vol. 2(Issue 9) pp:1677-1681
Publication Date(Web):29 Jun 2011
DOI:10.1039/C1SC00331C
We report here on one of the rare cases that realizes a reductive charge shift from a primary electron acceptor (C60) to a secondary electron acceptor (C70) in a ZnP–C60–C70 conjugate. Initially, charge separation evolves from an excited state electron donor (ZnP). By far the most far reaching benefit from such a reductive pathway is a marked slow down of the energy wasting charge recombination when compared to the ZnP–C60 conjugate (i.e., picoseconds versus nanoseconds).
Co-reporter:Roberto Cao, Helena Isla, Roberto Cao, Emilio M. Pérez and Nazario Martín
Chemical Science 2011 vol. 2(Issue 7) pp:1384-1388
Publication Date(Web):13 May 2011
DOI:10.1039/C1SC00179E
We report the synthesis and C60 binding abilities of gold nanoparticles capped with π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTFAuNPs). The exTTFAuNPs show a strong tendency to aggregate both in solution and in the solid state through multiple weak exTTF-exTTF interactions. A thorough collection of experiments demonstrates that upon addition of C60, stable noncovalent exTTFAuNP·C60 associates are formed, with concomitant partial disaggregation of the nanoparticles.
Co-reporter:Henk J. Bolink, Eugenio Coronado, Alicia Forment-Aliaga, Martijn Lenes, Andrea La Rosa, Salvatore Filippone and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2011 vol. 21(Issue 5) pp:1382-1386
Publication Date(Web):11 Aug 2010
DOI:10.1039/C0JM01160F
Diphenylmethanofullerenes (DPMs) show interesting properties as acceptors in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells due to the high open circuit voltages they generate compared to their energy levels. Here we investigate the effect of reducing the alkane sidechain length of the DPMs from C12 to C6 in the properties of the solar cell. This change leads to an increase in the electron mobility, thus allowing for a lower fullerene content, which in turn results in an increase in the short circuit current and, finally, in an increase in the efficiency of the device (from 2.3 to 2.6%) due to the higher concentration of the more absorbing polymer in the film. Atomic force microscopy images and external quantum efficiencies suggest the absence of crystallization of the fullerene to be at the origin of the slightly reduced performance of DPMs versus the standard fullerene [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, implying that higher efficiencies could be possible with this class of fullerenes.
Co-reporter:Carlos Romero Nieto, Julia Guilleme, Carmen Villegas, Juan Luis Delgado, David González-Rodríguez, Nazario Martin, Tomás Torres and Dirk M. Guldi
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2011 vol. 21(Issue 40) pp:15914-15918
Publication Date(Web):18 Aug 2011
DOI:10.1039/C1JM13203B
The synthesis and photophysical characterization of a subphthalocyanine-polymethine cyanine panchromatic light harvester is described. The new conjugate shows the extraordinary absorption features of both constituents and reveals electron transfer that evolves from both constituents.
Co-reporter:Bruno Grimm, Helena Isla, Emilio M. Pérez, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2011 vol. 47(Issue 26) pp:7449-7451
Publication Date(Web):31 May 2011
DOI:10.1039/C1CC11693B
A macrocyclic exTTF host for fullerenes offers control over the electronic coupling between an electron donor and an acceptor, and stabilizes the charge separated state lifetimes into the range of 500 ps.
Co-reporter:Silke Wolfrum, Julio R. Pinzón, Agustin Molina-Ontoria, Andreas Gouloumis, Nazario Martín, Luis Echegoyen and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2011 vol. 47(Issue 8) pp:2270-2272
Publication Date(Web):15 Dec 2010
DOI:10.1039/C0CC04159A
Electron accepting Sc3N@C80 promotes long-range charge transfer events evolving from photoexcited metalloporphyrins to afford radical ion pair states with lifetimes in the range of μs.
Co-reporter:Enrique Ruiz, Hortensia Rodríguez, Julieta Coro, Esperanza Salfrán, Margarita Suárez, Roberto Martínez-Alvarez, Nazario Martín
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2011 Volume 18(Issue 1) pp:32-36
Publication Date(Web):January 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.04.009
The condensation of Meldrum’s acid, aromatic aldehydes, alkyl acetoacetates and ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid under ultrasound irradiation at room temperature results in the formation of 3,4-dihydropyridone derivatives (4a–p) in 85–96% yields. Compared with conventional methods, the main advantages of the present procedure are milder conditions, shorter reaction times and higher yields.
Co-reporter:Mattias P. Eng, Safa Shoaee, Agustín Molina-Ontoria, Andreas Gouloumis, Nazario Martín and James R. Durrant
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2011 vol. 13(Issue 9) pp:3721-3729
Publication Date(Web):20 Dec 2010
DOI:10.1039/C0CP02107E
A fullerene based Donor–Bridge–Acceptor (DBA) compound, incorporating a π-extended tetrathiafulvalene electron donor, is investigated with respect to its photophysics in solution versus solid state. Solid films of neat DBA are compared with blend films where the DBA compound is diluted in the inert, low dielectric, polymer poly(styrene). It is found that the moderate intermolecular electronic coupling and donor–acceptor separation (22 Å) in this case leads to the generation of more dissociated, intermolecular charges than a mixture of the donor and acceptor reference compounds. However, the increased intermolecular interactions in the solid state lead to the excited state of the fullerene suffering from concentration self-quenching. This is found to severely affect the charge generation yield in solid films. The impact of competing intra and intermolecular interactions in the solid state upon the film photophysics is analysed in terms of a kinetic model which includes both the effects of concentration self-quenching and the impact of film composition upon the dielectric stabilisation of charge separated states. We conclude that both concentration self-quenching and dielectric stabilisation are critical in determining the photophysics of the blend films, and discuss strategies based upon our observations to enhance the charge photogeneration properties of organic films and photovoltaic devices based upon DBA compounds.
Co-reporter:Alberto Insuasty, Alejandro Ortiz, Alexis Tigreros, Efrain Solarte, Braulio Insuasty, Nazario Martín
Dyes and Pigments 2011 Volume 88(Issue 3) pp:385-390
Publication Date(Web):March 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2010.08.011
The push–pull behaviour of novel 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanines bearing an electron donor N,N-dimethylaniline or tetrathiafulvalene group on the C-5 of the heterocyclic ring was studied using experimental (electrochemical and spectroscopical analysis) and theoretical (DFT/B3LYP/631G∗∗) methods. Calculations showed a remarkable push–pull trend with the HOMO mainly located on the donor moiety and the LUMO on the acceptor dicyanomethylene moiety. In agreement with the theoretical predictions, a solvatochromic, behavior intramolecular charge transfer band was observed in the visible region.
Co-reporter:Dr. José Santos;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez;Dr. Beatriz M.Illescas;Dr. Nazario Martín
Chemistry – An Asian Journal 2011 Volume 6( Issue 7) pp:1848-1853
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/asia.201000832
Abstract
The nanometric organization of p-type and n-type materials is expected to facilitate charge mobility in OSCs, thereby preventing recombination and enhancing efficiency. Herein, the synthesis and self-assembly of monomers comprising one or two units of a TCAQ tweezer covalently connected to a fullerene derivative is reported. Such molecules self-assemble in solution (NMR) and on surfaces (AFM) to form linear and hyperbranched supramolecular oligomers, respectively. The self-assembly process was also found to have very little influence on the electronic properties of the electroactive units of the monomers (CV and UV/Vis), as was expected from their matching character. These polymers constitute two of the first examples of n-type supramolecular polymers reported to date.
La organización de los materiales de tipo p y n a escala nanométrica facilita la movilidad de carga en las células solares orgánicas, impidiendo la recombinación y aumentando así su eficiencia. En este trabajo se describe la síntesis y el auto-ensamblaje de monómeros con una o dos pinzas de TCAQ conectadas al fullereno. El estudio de las interacciones supramoleculares en disolución (RMN) y sobre superficie (AFM) demuestra que estas moléculas se autoensamblan formando oligómeros lineales y ramificados, respectivamente. Este proceso de auto-ensamblaje tiene poca influencia en las propiedades electrónicas de las unidades electroactivas de los monómeros (CV y UV/Vis), como cabía esperar dado su carácter electroaceptor. Los ejemplos aquí descritos constituyen dos de los primeros polímeros supramoleculares de tipo n descritos hasta la fecha.
Co-reporter:Dr. Macarena Sánchez-Navarro;Antonio Muñoz;Dr. Beatriz M. Illescas;Dr. Javier Rojo; Nazario Martín
Chemistry - A European Journal 2011 Volume 17( Issue 3) pp:766-769
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201002816
Co-reporter:Dr. José Santos;Dr. Beatriz M. Illescas;Dr. Nazario Martín;Dr. Javier Adrio;Dr. Juan C. Carretero;Dr. Rafael Viruela;Dr. Enrique Ortí;Dr. Fabian Spänig;Dr. Dirk M. Guldi
Chemistry - A European Journal 2011 Volume 17( Issue 10) pp:2957-2964
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201002674
Abstract
The synthesis of the first fully conjugated tetrathiafulvalene–tetracyano-p-quinodimethane ((TTF)–TCNQ)-type system has been carried out by means of a Julia–Kocienski olefination reaction. In particular, a tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane (TCAQ) formyl derivative and two new sulfonylmethyl-exTTFs (exTTF=2-[9-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)anthracen-10(9H)-ylidene]-1,3-dithiole)—prepared as new building blocks—were linked. A variety of experimental conditions reveal that the use of sodium hexamethyldisilazane (NaHMDS) as base in THF afforded the E olefins with excellent stereoselectivity. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G** level point to highly distorted exTTF and TCAQ that form an almost planar stilbene unit between them. Although calculations predicted appreciable electronic communication between the donor and the acceptor, cyclic voltammetric studies did not substantiate this effect. It was only in photophysical assays that the electronic communication emerged in the form of a charge-transfer (CT) absorption and emission. Once photoexcited (i.e., the locally excited state or excited charge-transfer state), an ultrafast, subpicosecond charge separation leads to a radical ion pair state in which the spectroscopic features of the radical cation of exTTF as well as the radical anion of TCAQ are discernable. The radical ion pair is metastable and undergoes a fast ((1.0±0.2) ps) charge recombination to reconstitute the electronic ground state. Such ultrafast charge separation and recombination processes come as a consequence of the very short vinyl linkage between the two electroactive units.
Co-reporter:Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie 2011 Volume 123( Issue 24) pp:5543-5545
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201101323
Co-reporter:Dr. David Canevet;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie 2011 Volume 123( Issue 40) pp:9416-9427
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201101297
Abstract
Maßgeschneiderte makrocyclische Fullerenrezeptoren erweisen sich als hochaffine Systeme für die selektive Extraktion höherer Fullerene und deren Racematspaltung sowie für die Selbstorganisation funktioneller molekularer Materialien. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst einige der wichtigsten Fortschritte zusammen, die auf dem Gebiet der Fullerenwirte erzielt wurden.
Co-reporter:Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2011 Volume 50( Issue 24) pp:5431-5433
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201101323
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto;Dr. Abel deCózar;Dr. Salvatore Filippone;Dr. Ángel Martín-Domenech;Dr. Margarita Suarez;Dr. Ferno P. Cossío;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2011 Volume 50( Issue 27) pp:6060-6064
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201101246
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto;Dr. Abel deCózar;Dr. Salvatore Filippone;Dr. Ángel Martín-Domenech;Dr. Margarita Suarez;Dr. Ferno P. Cossío;Dr. Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2011 Volume 50( Issue 27) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201103579
Co-reporter:Dr. David Canevet;Dr. Emilio M. Pérez; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2011 Volume 50( Issue 40) pp:9248-9259
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201101297
Abstract
Custom-made macrocyclic receptors for fullerenes are proving a valuable alternative to achieve the affinity and selectivity required to meet challenges such as the selective extraction of higher fullerenes, their chiral resolution, or the self-assembly of functional molecular materials. In this Minireview, we highlight some of the important breakthroughs that this class of fullerene hosts has already produced.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano ; M. Ángeles Herranz ; Nazario Martín ; Shankara Gayathri Radhakrishnan ; Dirk M. Guldi ; Takahiro Tsuchiya ; Shigeru Nagase ;Takeshi Akasaka
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010 Volume 132(Issue 23) pp:8048-8055
Publication Date(Web):May 21, 2010
DOI:10.1021/ja100665q
Stable donor−acceptor conjugates (2, 3) involving an endohedral metallofullerene, La2@Ih-C80, and π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) have been synthesized by highly regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of exTTF-containing azomethine ylides to the endofullerene, yielding exclusively [5,6] metallofulleropyrrolidines with C1 symmetry in high yields (68−77%). The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the conjugates reveal the redox active character of the system due to the presence of both donor and acceptor groups, that is, exTTF and La2@Ih-C80, respectively. Furthermore, the electrochemically reversible character of the endofullerene confirms the presence of the [5,6] adduct. Despite the relatively close proximity between the exTTF and the endohedral metallofullerene (EMF), only a weak electronic interaction was observed in the ground state, as evidenced by absorption spectroscopy and CV measurements of 2 and 3. On the other hand, in the excited state the fast formation of a radical ion-pair state (i.e., 6.0 × 1010 s−1), that is, the reduction of the electron accepting La2@C80 and the oxidation of exTTF, evolves with lifetimes as long as several ns (3.0 × 108 s−1) in toluene. Transient absorption spectroscopy experiments confirmed these observations.
Co-reporter:Bruno Grimm ; José Santos ; Beatriz M. Illescas ; Antonio Muñoz ; Dirk M. Guldi ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010 Volume 132(Issue 49) pp:17387-17389
Publication Date(Web):November 22, 2010
DOI:10.1021/ja108744a
A new and readily available exTTF-bis(crown ether), 1, efficiently recognizes C60 as well as C70 by means of cooperative π−π and n−π interactions. The geometrical (concave−convex) and electronic (donor−acceptor) complementarity accounts on one hand for remarkable binding strengths, with association constants reaching 107 M−1 in benzonitrile, and on the other hand for lifetimes of the photogenerated radical ion pair state on the order of 45 ps.
Co-reporter:Helena Isla ; María Gallego ; Emilio M. Pérez ; Rafael Viruela ; Enrique Ortí ;Nazario Martín
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010 Volume 132(Issue 6) pp:1772-1773
Publication Date(Web):January 20, 2010
DOI:10.1021/ja910107m
An exTTF-based macrocyclic receptor that associates C60 with a binding constant >106 M−1 in chlorobenzene at room temperature is described. This represents an improvement of 3 orders of magnitude with respect to the previous examples of exTTF-based receptors and one of the highest binding constants toward C60 reported to date.
Co-reporter:Sophie Wenger ; Pierre-Antoine Bouit ; Qianli Chen ; Joël Teuscher ; Davide Di Censo ; Robin Humphry-Baker ; Jaques-E. Moser ; Juan Luis Delgado ; Nazario Martín ; Shaik M. Zakeeruddin ;Michael Grätzel
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010 Volume 132(Issue 14) pp:5164-5169
Publication Date(Web):March 22, 2010
DOI:10.1021/ja909291h
The development of metal-free organic sensitizers is a key issue in dye-sensitized solar cell research. We report successful photovoltaic conversion with a new class of stable tetrathiafulvalene derivatives, showing surprising electrochemical and kinetic properties. With time-resolved spectroscopy we could observe highly efficient regeneration of the photo-oxidized tetrathiafulvalene sensitizers, which were attached to a mesoporous TiO2 film, by a redox mediator in the pores (iodide/tri-iodide), even though the measured driving force for regeneration was only ∼150 mV. This important proof-of-concept shows that sensitizers with a small driving force, i.e. the oxidation potential of the sensitizer is separated from the redox potenial of the mediator by as little as 150 mV, can operate functionally in dye-sensitized solar cells and eventually aid to reduce photovoltage losses due to poor energetic alignment of the materials.
Co-reporter:Elisa Huerta ; Helena Isla ; Emilio M. Pérez ; Carles Bo ; Nazario Martín ;Javier de Mendoza
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010 Volume 132(Issue 15) pp:5351-5353
Publication Date(Web):March 30, 2010
DOI:10.1021/ja1006993
A receptor for fullerenes featuring three exTTF units linked to a CTV scaffold is described. The exTTF-CTV host forms remarkably stable complexes with both C60 (log Ka = 5.3 ± 0.2) and C70 (log Ka = 6.3 ± 0.6). Light-induced ESR spectra demonstrate that intracomplex PET processes take place in solution.
Co-reporter:Juan Luis Delgado, Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Salvatore Filippone, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2010 vol. 46(Issue 27) pp:4853-4865
Publication Date(Web):25 May 2010
DOI:10.1039/C003088K
The design of new organic functional molecules able to harvest sun light and efficiently undergo photon to current energy conversion processes is at the forefront of chemical challenges. In this review, the fundamental contribution of chemistry to the multidisciplinary field of organic photovoltaics is presented in a systematic way through the wide variety of organic compounds synthesized to be successfully used in photovoltaic devices.
Co-reporter:Jean-François Nierengarten, Julien Iehl, Vincent Oerthel, Michel Holler, Beatriz M. Illescas, Antonio Muñoz, Nazario Martín, Javier Rojo, Macarena Sánchez-Navarro, Samy Cecioni, Sébastien Vidal, Kevin Buffet, Maxime Durka and Stéphane P. Vincent
Chemical Communications 2010 vol. 46(Issue 22) pp:3860-3862
Publication Date(Web):23 Apr 2010
DOI:10.1039/C0CC00034E
Fullerene hexakis-adducts bearing 12 peripheral carbohydrate moieties have been prepared by grafting sugar derivatives onto the fullerene core through the copper mediated Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010 Volume 2010( Issue 8) pp:1407-1410
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.200901511
Co-reporter:Dr. Juan Luis López;Dr. Carmen Atienza;Dr. Wolfgang Seitz; Dirk M. Guldi; Nazario Martín
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2010 Volume 49( Issue 51) pp:9876-9880
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201004127
Co-reporter:Pierre-Antoine Bouit Dr.;Fabian Spänig;Gregory Kuzmanich;Evangelos Krokos;Christian Oelsner;MiguelA. Garcia-Garibay Dr.;JuanLuis Delgado Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;DirkM. Guldi Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2010 Volume 16( Issue 31) pp:9638-9645
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201001613
Abstract
Several new fullerene–heptamethine conjugates, which absorb as far as into the infrared spectrum as 800 nm, have been synthesized and fully characterized by physicochemical means. In terms of optical and electrochemical characteristics, appreciable electronic coupling between both electroactive species is deduced. The latter also reflect the excited-state features. To this end, time-resolved, transient absorption measurements revealed that photoexcitation is followed by a sequence of charge-transfer events which evolve from higher singlet excited states (i.e., S2—fast charge transfer) and the lowest singlet excited state of the heptamethine cyanine (i.e., S1—slow charge transfer), as the electron donor, to either a covalently linked C60 or C70, as the electron acceptor. Finally, charge transfer from photoexcited C60/C70 completes the charge-transfer sequence. The slow internal conversion within the light-harvesting heptamethine cyanine and the strong electronic coupling between the individual constituents are particularly beneficial to this process.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano;M.Ángeles Herranz Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Gustavo deMiguelRojas Dr.;DirkM. Guldi Dr.;IvanE. Kareev Dr.;StevenH. Strauss Dr.;OlgaV. Boltalina Dr.;Takahiro Tsuchiya Dr.;Takeshi Akasaka Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2010 Volume 16( Issue 18) pp:5343-5353
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.200902336
Abstract
The decakis(trifluoromethyl)fullerene C1-C70(CF3)10, in which the CF3 groups are arranged on a para7-meta-para ribbon of C6(CF3)2 edge-sharing hexagons, and which has now been prepared in quantities of hundreds of milligrams, was reacted under standard Bingel–Hirsch conditions with a bis-π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) malonate derivative to afford a single exTTF2–C70(CF3)10 regioisomer in 80 % yield based on consumed starting material. The highly soluble hybrid was thoroughly characterized by using 1D 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR, 2D NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy; matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry; and electrochemistry. The cyclic voltammogram of the exTTF2–C70(CF3)10 dyad revealed an irreversible second reduction process, which is indicative of a typical retro-Bingel reaction; whereas the usual phenomenon of exTTF inverted potentials (>), resulting in a single, two-electron oxidation process, was also observed. Steady-state and time-resolved photolytic techniques demonstrated that the C1-C70(CF3)10 singlet excited state is subject to a rapid electron-transfer quenching. The resulting charge-separated states were identified by transient absorption spectroscopy, and radical pair lifetimes of the order of 300 ps in toluene were determined. The exTTF2–C70(CF3)10 dyad represents the first example of exploitation of the highly soluble trifluoromethylated fullerenes for the construction of systems able to mimic the photosynthetic process, and is therefore of interest in the search for new materials for photovoltaic applications.
Co-reporter:RubénD. Costa;Gustavo Fernández Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Enrique Ortí Dr.;HenkJ. Bolink Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2010 Volume 16( Issue 32) pp:9855-9863
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.201000600
Abstract
A novel family of dumbbell-shaped dinuclear complexes in which an oligophenyleneethynylene spacer is linked to two heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes is presented. The synthesis, as well as the electrochemical and photophysical characterization of the new complexes, is reported. The experimental results are interpreted with the help of density functional theory calculations. From these studies we conclude that the lowest triplet excited state corresponds to a 3π–π* state located on the conjugated spacer. The presence of this state below the 3MLCT/3LLCT emitting states of the end-capping IrIII complexes explains the low quantum yields observed for the dinuclear complexes (one order-of-magnitude less) with respect to the mononuclear complexes. The potential application of the novel dinuclear complexes in optoelectronic devices has been tested by using them as the primary active component in double-layer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). Although the luminance levels are low, the external quantum efficiency suggests that a near-quantitative internal electron-to-photon conversion occurs in the device. This indicates that the emission inside the device is highly optimized and that the self-quenching associated with the high concentration of the complex in the active layer is minimized.
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez, Roberto Otero, José María Gallego, Rodolfo Miranda and Nazario Martín
Chemical Reviews 2009 Volume 109(Issue 5) pp:2081
Publication Date(Web):March 2, 2009
DOI:10.1021/cr800441b
Co-reporter:Dirk M. Guldi, Beatriz M. Illescas, Carmen Mª Atienza, Mateusz Wielopolski and Nazario Martín
Chemical Society Reviews 2009 vol. 38(Issue 6) pp:1587-1597
Publication Date(Web):01 May 2009
DOI:10.1039/B900402P
This tutorial review surveys and highlights the integration of different molecular wires—in combination with chromophores that exhibit (i) significant absorption cross section throughout the visible part of the solar spectrum and (ii) good electron donating power—into novel electron donor–acceptor conjugates. The focus is predominantly on charge transfer and charge transport features of the most promising systems.
Co-reporter:Angélica García, Braulio Insuasty, Ma Ángeles Herranz, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez and Nazario Martín
Organic Letters 2009 Volume 11(Issue 23) pp:5398-5401
Publication Date(Web):November 2, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ol902203t
A new s-triazine-based C3 building block, endowed with three phosphonate groups, has been prepared in a simple two-step synthesis starting from p-bromomethylbenzonitrile; the new building block easily undergoes further olefination reactions to afford in a straightforward manner tris(tetrathiafulvalene)- and tris(ferrocene)-1,3,5-triazines.
Co-reporter:Juan Luis López, Emilio M. Pérez, Pedro M. Viruela, Rafael Viruela, Enrique Ortí and Nazario Martín
Organic Letters 2009 Volume 11(Issue 20) pp:4524-4527
Publication Date(Web):September 16, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ol901695m
We employ a combination of urea−urea hydrogen bonds and π−π stacking interactions to obtain soluble self-assembled nanotubes decorated with electron-donor TTF derivatives on the periphery. We have investigated the structure and stability of the nanotubes with a combination of experiments and high-level DFT calculations. We also demonstrate that the association process can be controlled by changes in the hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvent and electrochemically.
Co-reporter:Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Daniel Rauh, Stefan Neugebauer, Juan Luis Delgado, Emmanuel Di Piazza, Stéphane Rigaut, Olivier Maury, Chantal Andraud, Vladimir Dyakonov and Nazario Martin
Organic Letters 2009 Volume 11(Issue 21) pp:4806-4809
Publication Date(Web):October 1, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ol901764t
Association between cationic and anionic heptamethine dyes led to the formation of a new organic salt (3) displaying exceptional light-harvesting properties in the NIR spectral range and having amphoteric redox character. Preliminary results of molecular bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the title compound 3 and [60]PCBM as the only active layer reveal this new dye as a promising light-harvesting material for photovoltaics.
Co-reporter:Beatriz M. Illescas, José Santos, Mateusz Wielopolski, Carmen M. Atienza, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2009 (Issue 36) pp:5374-5376
Publication Date(Web):13 Aug 2009
DOI:10.1039/B911028C
Rigid and soluble electron donor–acceptor conjugates combining exTTF and/or TTF as donors and C60 as acceptor have been synthesized; fluorescence and transient absorption measurements confirm the generation of charge-separated radical-ion pairs with lifetimes in the μs timescale.
Co-reporter:Carmela Aprile, María Ángeles Herranz, Esther Carbonell, Hermenegildo Garcia and Nazario Martín
Dalton Transactions 2009 (Issue 1) pp:134-139
Publication Date(Web):10 Nov 2008
DOI:10.1039/B814384F
Gold nanoparticles (npAu, 5 nm diameter) stabilized by hexanethiol and dodecanethiol do not exhibit in THF upon laser flash excitation (355 nm) any detectable transient in the microsecond timescale. However, using octadecanethiol as npAu ligand, a weak signal attributed to THF solvated electrons was observed after excitation 355 nm. In contrast, irrespective of the alkyl length of the thiol ligand, irradiation of npAu in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid allows detecting charge separation in the microsecond time scale. By quenching with methyl viologen (MV) and determining the concentration of MV+˙, it was estimated that the quantum yield of charge separation state in ionic liquid was 0.12.
Co-reporter:Julieta Coro;Hortensia Rodríguez;Daniel G. Rivera;Margarita Suárez;Dolores Molero;María Ángeles Herranz;Roberto Martínez-Álvarez;Salvatore Filippone;Nazario Martín
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2009 Volume 2009( Issue 28) pp:4810-4817
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.200900583
Abstract
Cyclopropanations between C60 and readily available malonates bearing different steroid moieties (4–6) by the Bingel–Hirsch protocol has allowed the synthesis of a new series of hybrid functionalized chimeras (7–9). Whereas cycloadducts 7 and 8 showed the expected chemical structures, the presence of the diene moiety in the ergosterol unit of malonate 6 resulted in the production of the corresponding cycloadduct with an additional oxygen molecule. A thorough spectroscopical study (1H and 13C NMR, COSY, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC) allowed the structure of monocycloadduct 9 to be unambiguously unraveled as that of an endoperoxide, as a result of the sensitizing effect of the C60 unit, which efficiently promotes the addition of excited singlet oxygen to the diene moiety of the steroid. Cyclic voltammetry of hybrids 7–9, as well as their electronic spectra, support the exclusive formation of the corresponding monoadducts. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez, Beatriz M. Illescas, M. Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
New Journal of Chemistry 2009 vol. 33(Issue 2) pp:228-234
Publication Date(Web):16 Dec 2008
DOI:10.1039/B816272G
The shrewd combination of complementary electroactive molecular fragments through weak, non-covalent forces can be exploited to construct stimuli-responsive assemblies or to achieve self-ordered arrays of electron donor and/or acceptor moieties to be utilized in optoelectronic devices. Among the electron donors, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) has been particularly fashionable in this field. Comparatively, the supramolecular chemistry of its π-extended analogues was severely underdeveloped. Herein we present a summary of some recent results in the exploration of the non-covalent chemistry of π-extended analogues of tetrathiafulvalene.
Co-reporter:Marta Izquierdo;Sílvia Osuna;Salvatore Filippone;Angel Martín-Domenech;Miquel Solà;Nazario Martín
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2009 Volume 2009( Issue 35) pp:6231-6238
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.200900835
Abstract
The first intramolecular nucleophilic addition of a thiol to a fullerene double bond is reported. Whereas the reaction of cysteine (4) or cystine (11) with formaldehyde and [60]fullerene in chlorobenzene at reflux afforded the new compound 10 bearing a thiazolidine moiety fused to the fullerene sphere, the reaction of commercially available N-methylglycine (12; sarcosine) with 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (13) and C60 in chlorobenzene at reflux led to the desired cyclized compound 3 in poor yield. The favorable geometrical approach of the reactive thiol group towards the fullerene double bond is followed by a 5-exo-trig intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the S–H group to the adjacent double bond of the fullerene to form compound 3 in which a tetrahydrothiophene ring is simultaneously fused to the pyrrolidine and the fullerene moieties. Compound 3 was spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized and CV revealed that saturation of a second double bond of the fullerene sphere (cis-1 regioisomer) is compensated by the electronegative character of the sulfur atom, resulting in reduction potentials similar to those observed for fullerene monoadducts. The two-fold cyclization reaction occurs in a totally regioselective stepwise process leading exclusively to the cis-1 isomer. Theoretical calculations (DFT and the ONIOM approach) predict that the formation of the sulfur pentagonal ring is highly favored and does not present structural constraints. Furthermore, the activation barrier for the nucleophilic attack of the thiol group on the fullerene surface was found to be substantially higher in comparison with the analogous previously reportedhydroxy group (activation barrier about 8 kcal mol–1 larger for SH than for OH), thus accounting for the poor yields of tetrahydrothiophene 3. The formation of 3 competes with the formation of 1,2-dimethylpyrrolidino[3,4:1,2][60]fullerene (15), which is formed as the main reaction product by loss of the SH group. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Co-reporter:S.Shankara Gayathri Dr.;Mateusz Wielopolski;EmilioM. Pérez Dr.;Gustavo Fernández;Luis Sánchez Dr.;Rafael Viruela Dr.;Enrique Ortí Dr.;DirkM. Guldi Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2009 Volume 48( Issue 4) pp:815-819
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200803984
Co-reporter:JulioR. Pinzón;ClaudiaM. Cardona Dr.;MariaÁngeles Herranz Dr.;MartaE. Plonska-Brzezinska Dr.;Amit Palkar;AndreasJ. Athans Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea Dr.;JosepM. Poblet Dr.;Giovanni Bottari Dr.;Tomás Torres Dr.;S.Shankara Gayathri Dr.;DirkM. Guldi Dr.;Luis Echegoyen Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2009 Volume 15( Issue 4) pp:864-877
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.200801559
Abstract
The first pyrrolidine and cyclopropane derivatives of the trimetallic nitride templated (TNT) endohedral metallofullerenes Ih-Sc3N@C80 and Ih-Y3N@C80 connected to an electron-donor unit (i.e., tetrathiafulvalene, phthalocyanine or ferrocene) were successfully prepared by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides and Bingel–Hirsch-type reactions. Electrochemical studies confirmed the formation of the [6,6] regioisomers for the Y3N@C80-based dyads and the [5,6] regioisomers in the case of Sc3N@C80-based dyads. Similar to other TNT endohedral metallofullerene systems previously synthesized, irreversible reductive behavior was observed for the [6,6]-Y3N@C80-based dyads, whereas the [5,6]-Sc3N@C80-based dyads exhibited reversible reductive electrochemistry. Density functional calculations were also carried out on these dyads confirming the importance of these structures as electron transfer model systems. Furthermore, photophysical investigations on a ferrocenyl–Sc3N@C80-fulleropyrrolidine dyad demonstrated the existence of a photoinduced electron-transfer process that yields a radical ion pair with a lifetime three times longer than that obtained for the analogous C60 dyad.
Co-reporter:JulioR. Pinzón;ClaudiaM. Cardona Dr.;MariaÁngeles Herranz Dr.;MartaE. Plonska-Brzezinska Dr.;Amit Palkar;AndreasJ. Athans Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea Dr.;JosepM. Poblet Dr.;Giovanni Bottari Dr.;Tomás Torres Dr.;S.Shankara Gayathri Dr.;DirkM. Guldi Dr.;Luis Echegoyen Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2009 Volume 15( Issue 4) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.200990001
Co-reporter:JuanL. Delgado Dr.;Eva Espíldora Dr.;Moritz Liedtke;Andreas Sperlich;Daniel Rauh;Andreas Baumann;Carsten Deibel Dr.;Vladimir Dyakonov Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2009 Volume 15( Issue 48) pp:13474-13482
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/chem.200902039
Abstract
A new family of fullerene-based compounds, namely, soluble [60]- and [70]fullerene homodimers and the [60]/[70]heterodimer linked through 2-pyrazolino–pyrrolidino bridges, has been synthesised by simple procedures and in high yield. Electrochemical studies confirm their suitability to act as electron acceptors in combination with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). Their optical properties in solution and in the solid state were studied. A significantly stronger absorption in [70]fullerene-containing dimers relative to [60]homodimer in solution in the visible range was observed. Furthermore, in all donor–acceptor blends studied an efficient charge transfer was observed by means of photoluminescence (PL), photoinduced absorption and light-induced electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The [70]homodimer was found to be a distinctive species, being the strongest PL quencher and most efficient acceptor with the longest lifetime of the charge-separated (polaron) states. As a consequence, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on this novel [70]homodimer blended with P3HT demonstrated the highest quantum and power conversion efficiencies of 37 and 1 %, respectively, compared to those of [60]fullerene dimers.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez and Nazario Martín
Chemical Society Reviews 2008 vol. 37(Issue 8) pp:1512-1519
Publication Date(Web):30 May 2008
DOI:10.1039/B802589B
The unique chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are to a great extent determined by their unusual curved shape. One of the most active fields in fullerene chemistry is the search for molecular receptors able to form stable associates with them in solution, with the purification from fullerite and the self-assembly of nanoscale electronic devices as main driving forces. In this tutorial review we present a brief overview of the recent advances in the construction of molecular receptors that feature curved concave surfaces complementary to the convex surface of fullerenes as a key recognizing element.
Co-reporter:Christian Ehli, Dirk M. Guldi, M. Ángeles Herranz, Nazario Martín, Stéphane Campidelli and Maurizio Prato
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2008 vol. 18(Issue 13) pp:1498-1503
Publication Date(Web):22 Jan 2008
DOI:10.1039/B716892F
Pyrene-tetrathiafulvalenes reveal strong interactive forces with different types of carbon nanotube (CNT) samples—ranging from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Notable, although subtle, are the differences that emerged while preparing, handling, and characterizing these composite materials. Stronger are the differences seen in the context of photoinduced charge transfer. In particular, charge injection into the conduction band of CNT probes afforded stable radical ion pair states (i.e., on the time scale of our femto/picosecond investigation) only for MWNTs, while the lifetimes for SWNTs are shorter. A likely rationale involves the multiple electron acceptor levels in MWNTs, when compared to SWNTs or double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs).
Co-reporter:Juan Luis Delgado, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2008 vol. 18(Issue 13) pp:1417-1426
Publication Date(Web):07 Feb 2008
DOI:10.1039/B717218D
Since the discovery of C60fullerene, carbon-based nanostructures have become one of the hottest research topics in science. During the past decade research efforts have mainly been devoted to the investigation of C60 and carbon nanotubes, although the ability of carbon to exist in different allotropic forms has provided a variety of nanoscale size shapes with fascinating properties. In this article we highlight some of the most representative examples that document the scientific progress accomplished in this field which, surprisingly, started with a serendipitous discovery.
Co-reporter:José Santos, Bruno Grimm, Beatriz M. Illescas, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2008 (Issue 45) pp:5993-5995
Publication Date(Web):14 Oct 2008
DOI:10.1039/B811358K
A highly stable supramolecular complex from C60 and exTTF (Ka ≈ 106 M−1) has been achieved by means of π–π and H-bonding interactions; experimental evidence reveals the formation of a radical–ion pair (τ = 9.3 ps) upon photoexcitation.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez, Agostina L. Capodilupo, Gustavo Fernández, Luis Sánchez, Pedro M. Viruela, Rafael Viruela, Enrique Ortí, Massimo Bietti and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2008 (Issue 38) pp:4567-4569
Publication Date(Web):12 Aug 2008
DOI:10.1039/B810177A
The relative contributions of several weak intermolecular forces to the overall stability of the complexes formed between structurally related receptors and [60]fullerene are compared, revealing a discernible contribution from concave–convex complementarity.
Co-reporter:Alejandro Martínez, Antonio Páez, Nazario Martín
Fuel 2008 Volume 87(Issue 7) pp:1148-1154
Publication Date(Web):June 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.07.010
The rheological properties of bitumens modified with different aldehydes show that furfural is a very efficient reagent. An optimization of the reaction conditions involving concentration, acid catalyst, reaction time and temperature has been performed. In order to determine the influence of the furan ring and the formyl groups on the reactivity of bitumens, a series of new organic molecules as chemical reagents bearing up to six furan rings and four formyl groups, have been reacted with a B 80/100 bitumen. The results indicate a remarkably better performance than furfural, leading to harder modified bitumens.
Co-reporter:Gustavo Fernández;EmilioM. Pérez Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr. ;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008 Volume 47( Issue 6) pp:1094-1097
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200703049
Co-reporter:Gustavo Fernández;EmilioM. Pérez Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr. ;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008 Volume 47( Issue 6) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200890015
Co-reporter:JulioR. Pinzón;MartaE. Plonska-Brzezinska Dr.;ClaudiaM. Cardona Dr.;AndreasJ. Athans Dr.;S.Shankara Gayathri Dr.;DirkM. Guldi Dr.;M.Ángeles Herranz Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Tomas Torres Dr.;Luis Echegoyen Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008 Volume 47( Issue 22) pp:4173-4176
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200800473
Co-reporter:Gustavo Fernández;EmilioM. Pérez Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr. ;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2008 Volume 120( Issue 6) pp:1110-1113
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.200703049
Co-reporter:Gustavo Fernández;EmilioM. Pérez Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr. ;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2008 Volume 120( Issue 6) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.200890013
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Luis Sánchez, María Ángeles Herranz, Beatriz Illescas and Dirk M. Guldi
Accounts of Chemical Research 2007 Volume 40(Issue 10) pp:1015
Publication Date(Web):June 30, 2007
DOI:10.1021/ar700026t
The covalent connection of the electron acceptor C60 to p-quinonoid π-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (exTTFs) has allowed for the preparation of new photo- and electroactive conjugates able to act as artificial photosynthetic systems and active molecular materials in organic photovoltaics. The gain of aromaticity undergone by the π-extended TTF unit in the oxidation process results in highly stabilized radical ion pairs, namely, C60•–/exTTF•+. Lifetimes for such charge-separated states, ranging from a few nanoseconds to hundreds of microseconds, have been achieved by rationally modifying the nature of the chemical spacers. These long-lived radical pairs are called to play an important role for the conversion of sunlight into chemical or electrical power.
Co-reporter:Carmen Atienza-Castellanos, Mateusz Wielopolski, Dirk M. Guldi, Cornelia van der Pol, Martin R. Bryce, Salvatore Filippone and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2007 (Issue 48) pp:5164-5166
Publication Date(Web):09 Oct 2007
DOI:10.1039/B711678K
Fluorene-based bridges exhibit a molecular wire-like behaviour in C60–wire–exTTF systems with a very low attenuation factor (β = 0.09 Å–1).
Co-reporter:Francesco Giacalone, M
a
Ángeles Herranz, Lucia Grüter, M
a
Teresa González, Michel Calame, Christian Schönenberger, Carlos R. Arroyo, Gabino Rubio-Bollinger, Marisela Vélez, Nicolas Agraït and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2007 (Issue 46) pp:4854-4856
Publication Date(Web):05 Nov 2007
DOI:10.1039/B710739K
A new molecular wire suitably functionalized with sulfur atoms at terminal positions and endowed with a central redox active TTF unit has been synthesized and inserted within two atomic-sized Au electrodes; electrical transport measurements have been performed in STM and MCBJ set-ups in a liquid environment and reveal conductance values around 10–2G0 for a single molecule.
Co-reporter:Eva M. Priego, Luis Sánchez, M. Angeles Herranz, Nazario Martín, Rafael Viruela and Enrique Ortí
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2007 vol. 5(Issue 8) pp:1201-1209
Publication Date(Web):20 Mar 2007
DOI:10.1039/B701806A
A new family of π-extended TTF analogues (3a–c) and D–π–A chromophores (5a–c), in which the electroactive units (1,3-dithiole rings and 2,2-dicyanovinyl groups) are connected through a pyridine bridge with a meta substitution pattern, is reported. The redox behavior of these compounds has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and theoretical calculations performed at the B3P86/6-31G** level. Unlike many π-extended TTF derivatives, the 1,3-dithiole rings in compounds 3a–c do not behave independently and two oxidation processes are observed with an anodic separation ranging from 50 to 150 mV. Calculations show that electrons are equally extracted from both dithiole rings. A biradical structure is predicted for the dication state due to the near-degeneracy of the HOMO and HOMO − 1 orbitals. The presence of both donor (D) and acceptor (A) fragments in conjugates 5 results in irreversible oxidation and reduction processes associated with the 1,3-dithiole ring and with the 2,2-dicyanovinyl moiety, respectively. An electrochemical–chemical–electrochemical (ECE) process takes place for all the compounds reported. The chemical process implies the dimerization of the radical cation for compounds 5 and the oligomerization of the biradical dication for compounds 3. The ECE process therefore generates new neutral dimeric (5) or oligomeric (3) species that incorporate the TTF vinylogue core.
Co-reporter:Beatriz M. Illescas;José Santos;Marta C. Díaz;Nazario Martín;Carmen M. Atienza;Dirk M. Guldi
European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2007 Volume 2007(Issue 30) pp:5027-5037
Publication Date(Web):17 AUG 2007
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.200700226
A series of π-extended TTFs (exTTFs) bearing one (8, 16,19) or two (14) dibenzylammonium units have been threaded through a dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) ring covalently linked to a C60 sphere. Whereas 8 and 14 were prepared in a multistep synthetic procedure involving Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions affording rigid donors, exTTFs 16 and 19 were prepared by direct esterification reactions leading to more flexible systems. Complexation experiments carried out by 1H NMR titration and fluorescence studies show the formation of stable supramolecular dyads with binding constants ranging from 103 to 104M–1. Although the UV/Vis and CV studies reveal the lack of interaction between the electroactive species (C60 and exTTF) in the ground state, fluorescence data indicate the presence of an electronic interaction in the excited state. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Co-reporter:Roberto J. Brea;Luis Castedo;Juan R. Granja;M. Ángeles Herranz;Luis Sánchez;Nazario Martín;Wolfgang Seitz;Dirk M. Guldi
PNAS 2007 Volume 104 (Issue 13 ) pp:5291-5294
Publication Date(Web):2007-03-27
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0609506104
Bio-inspired cyclopeptidic heterodimers built on β-sheet-like hydrogen-bonding networks and bearing photoactive and electroactive
chromophores on the outer surface have been prepared. Different cross-strand pairwise relationships between the side chains
of the cyclic α,γ-peptides afford the heterodimers as three nonequivalent dimeric species. Steady-state and time-resolved
spectroscopies clearly show an electron transfer process from π-extended tetrathiafulvalene, covalently attached to one of
the cyclopeptides, to photoexcited [60]fullerene, located on the complementary cyclopeptide. The charge-separated state was
stabilized for up to 1 μs before recombining and repopulating the ground state. Our current example shows that cyclopeptidic
templates can be successfully used to form light-harvesting/light-converting hybrid ensembles with a distinctive organization
of donor and acceptor units able to act as efficient artificial photosystems.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez Dr.;María Sierra;Luis Sánchez Dr.;M. Rosario Torres Dr.;Rafael Viruela Dr.;Pedro M. Viruela Dr.;Enrique Ortí Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2007 Volume 119(Issue 11) pp:
Publication Date(Web):24 JAN 2007
DOI:10.1002/ange.200604327
Gut behütet! Eine neue Klasse konkaver Tetrathiafulvalen(TTF)-Derivate mit ausgedehntem π-System – Truxen-TTFs – wurde synthetisiert und charakterisiert, und ihre Selbstorganisation mit Fullerenen wurde untersucht (siehe Bild). Truxen-TTFs sind die ersten von TTF abgeleiteten Elektronendonoren, die in Lösung, ohne chemisch modifiziert zu werden, als monotope Rezeptoren für Fullerene fungieren.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez Dr.;María Sierra;Luis Sánchez Dr.;M. Rosario Torres Dr.;Rafael Viruela Dr.;Pedro M. Viruela Dr.;Enrique Ortí Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007 Volume 46(Issue 11) pp:
Publication Date(Web):24 JAN 2007
DOI:10.1002/anie.200604327
The cap fits! A new class of concave π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives, truxene-TTFs, were prepared and characterized, and their self-assembly with fullerenes was investigated (see picture). Truxene-TTFs represent the first example of TTF-related electron donors that serve, without chemical modification, as monotopic receptors for fullerenes in solution.
Co-reporter:David Écija;Roberto Otero Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr.;José María Gallego Dr.;Yang Wang Dr.;Manuel Alcamí ;Ferno Martín ;Nazario Martín ;Rodolfo Mira
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007 Volume 46(Issue 41) pp:
Publication Date(Web):7 SEP 2007
DOI:10.1002/anie.200702531
With increasing coverage, self-assembly of the fullerene derivative phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) on Au(111) undergoes a transition from substrate-controlled to hydrogen-bond-controlled. At low coverages, PCBM nucleates exclusively at the fcc areas of the “herringbone” reconstruction (left image). At higher coverages, double rows of PCBM molecules connected through hydrogen bonds are formed (right image). ML: monolayer.
Co-reporter:David Écija;Roberto Otero Dr.;Luis Sánchez Dr.;José María Gallego Dr.;Yang Wang Dr.;Manuel Alcamí ;Ferno Martín ;Nazario Martín ;Rodolfo Mira
Angewandte Chemie 2007 Volume 119(Issue 41) pp:
Publication Date(Web):7 SEP 2007
DOI:10.1002/ange.200702531
Bei zunehmender Bedeckung geht die Selbstorganisation des Fullerenderivats Phenyl-C61-buttersäuremethylester (PCBM) auf Au(111) von substratgesteuert zu wasserstoffbrückengesteuert über. Bei niedriger Bedeckung lagert sich PCBM nur auf den fcc-Bereichen der „Fischgräten“-Rekonstruktion ab (linkes Bild). Bei höherer Bedeckung bilden sich Doppelreihen aus PCBM-Molekülen, die durch H-Brücken verbunden sind (rechtes Bild). ML: Monoschicht.
Co-reporter:Carmen Atienza, Nazario Martín, Mateusz Wielopolski, Naomi Haworth, Timothy Clark and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2006 (Issue 30) pp:3202-3204
Publication Date(Web):23 Jun 2006
DOI:10.1039/B603149H
Weak wire-like behavior—with a damping factor (β) of 0.2 ± 0.05 Å−1—has been found in a series of C60–wire–exTTF systems (i.e., p-phenyleneethynylene): these results contrast with previous observations involving p-phenylenevinylene systems.
Co-reporter:Carmen M. Atienza, Gustavo Fernández, Luis Sánchez, Nazario Martín, Inês Sá Dantas, Martijn M. Wienk, René A. J. Janssen, G. M. Aminur Rahman and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2006 (Issue 5) pp:514-516
Publication Date(Web):09 Dec 2005
DOI:10.1039/B510234K
A light absorbing π-conjugated oligomer–tetrafullerene nanoarray has been synthesized and its photophysical study reveals the presence of an intramolecular energy transfer. A phototovoltaic device fabricated from this nanoarray and poly(3-hexylthiophene) shows an external quantum efficiency of 15% at 500 nm.
Co-reporter:M. Ángeles Herranz Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Stéphane Campidelli Dr.;Maurizio Prato Dr.;Georg Brehm Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 Volume 45(Issue 27) pp:
Publication Date(Web):12 JUN 2006
DOI:10.1002/anie.200504354
Spaced out: Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with covalently linked tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives have been synthetized and fully characterized as potential donor–acceptor nanoconjugates. Near-infrared flourescence and transient absorption measurements showed that the charge recombination dynamics is a function of the spacer linking the two moieties and the donor ability of the different TTF derivatives.
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez Dr.;Maria Sierra;Nazario Martín Dr.;Andrew J. Myles Dr.;Trevor J. Dale;Julius Rebek Jr. Dr.;Wolfgang Seitz;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 Volume 45(Issue 28) pp:
Publication Date(Web):22 JUN 2006
DOI:10.1002/anie.200601264
Hooking up: Self-assembly of a porphyrin amidine and fulleropyrrolidine carboxylic acid based on a two-point amidinium–carboxylate motif leads to supramolecular dyads of high stability (Ka≈107 M−1 in toluene/acetonitrile (9:1)). The synergy of the hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions has been shown to be particularly beneficial in terms of electronic coupling between both electroactive components of the dyads.
Co-reporter:Marta C. Díaz Dr.;Beatriz M. Illescas Dr.;Nazario Martín ;Igor F. Perepichka Dr.;Martin R. Bryce ;Eric Levillain Dr.;Rafael Viruela Dr.;Enrique Ortí Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2006 Volume 12(Issue 10) pp:
Publication Date(Web):23 JAN 2006
DOI:10.1002/chem.200501001
The first π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) dimer in which the two exTTF units are covalently connected by 1,3-dithiole rings has been obtained in a multistep synthetic procedure involving the Ullmann cross-coupling reaction by using copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC). The electronic spectrum reveals a significant electronic interaction between the exTTF units. The electrochemical study carried out by cyclic voltammetry in solution and in thin-layer conditions, and the electrochemical simulation and spectroelectrochemical (SEC) measurements confirm the electronic communication and show that the oxidation of dimer 14 occurs as two consecutive 2 e− processes D0–D0D2+–D0D2+–D2+. Theoretical calculations, performed at the B3P86/6-31G* level, confirm the experimental findings and predict that 142+ exists as a delocalized D.+–D.+ species in the gas phase and as a localized D2+–D0 species in solution (CH3CN or CH2Cl2). Oxidation of 142+ forms the tetracation 144+ which is constituted by two aromatic anthracene units bearing four aromatic, almost orthogonal 1,3-dithiolium cations.
Se ha sintetizado el primer dímero derivado de TTF π-extendido (exTTF) en el que las dos unidades de exTTF se encuentran unidas mediante un enlace covalente a través de los anillos de 1,3-ditiol. El procedimiento sintético consta de varios pasos e implica una reacción de acoplamiento cruzado de tipo Ullmann empleando 2-tiofencarboxilato de cobre(I) (CuTC). Los espectros electrónicos revelan una interacción electrónica significativa entre las unidades de exTTF. Se ha realizado el estudio electroquímico mediante voltamperometría cíclica en disolución y en condiciones de capa fina, así como la simulación electroquímica y las medidas espectroelectroquímicas. Los datos obtenidos confirman la comunicación electrónica entre ambas unidades, y muestran que la oxidación del dímero 14 ocurre como dos procesos que involucran dos electrones D0–D0 D2+–D0D2+–D2+. Cálculos teóricos B3P86/6-31G* confirman los hechos experimentales y predicen que 142+existe como una especie deslocalizada D.+–D.+en fase gas y como una especie localizada D2+–sD0en disolución (CH3CN o CH2Cl2). La oxidación de 142+forma la especie tetracatiónica 144+, constituida por dos unidades de antraceno aromáticas con cuatro cationes 1,3-ditiolio aromáticos en disposición prácticamente ortogonal a las unidades de antraceno.
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez Dr.;Maria Sierra;Nazario Martín Dr.;Andrew J. Myles Dr.;Trevor J. Dale;Julius Rebek Jr. Dr.;Wolfgang Seitz;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2006 Volume 118(Issue 28) pp:
Publication Date(Web):22 JUN 2006
DOI:10.1002/ange.200601264
Angedockt: Durch Selbstorganisation eines Porphyrinamidins mit einer Fulleropyrrolidincarbonsäure über ein Zweipunkt-Amidinium-Carboxylat-Motiv entsteht eine sehr stabile supramolekulare Diade (Ka≈107 M−1 in Toluol/Acetonitril (9:1)). Die Synergie von H-Brücken und elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen verstärkt die elektronische Kopplung der beiden elektroaktiven Komponenten der Diade.
Co-reporter:M. Ángeles Herranz Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Stéphane Campidelli Dr.;Maurizio Prato Dr.;Georg Brehm Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2006 Volume 118(Issue 27) pp:
Publication Date(Web):12 JUN 2006
DOI:10.1002/ange.200504354
Auf Abstand: Einwandige Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (SWNTs) mit kovalent verknüpften Tetrathiafulvalen(TTF)-Derivaten wurden als mögliche Donor-Acceptor-Nanokonjugate synthetisiert und vollständig charakterisiert. Nahinfrarot-Fluoreszenz- und Transientenabsorptionsmessungen belegen, dass die Dynamik der Ladungsrekombination vom Abstandhalter zwischen den beiden Einheiten und vom Donorvermögen der TTF-Derivate abhängt.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Margarita Altable, Salvatore Filippone, Angel Martín-Domenech, Mireia Güell,Miquel Solà
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 45(9) pp:1439-1442
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200502404
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Margarita Altable, Salvatore Filippone, Angel Martín-Domenech, Luis Echegoyen,Claudia M. Cardona
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 45(1) pp:110-114
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200502556
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín Dr.;Margarita Altable;Salvatore Filippone Dr.;Angel Martín-Domenech Dr.;Luis Echegoyen Dr.;Claudia M. Cardona Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2006 Volume 118(Issue 1) pp:
Publication Date(Web):20 OCT 2005
DOI:10.1002/ange.200502556
Retro ist angesagt: Pyrrolidinofullerene reagieren durch Retrocycloaddition mit einem Überschuss an Dipolarophilen (Maleinsäureanhydrid oder N-Phenylmaleimid) in hohen Ausbeuten zu den entsprechenden Fullerenen (C60, C70 oder einem endohedralen C80-Metallofulleren; siehe Schema). Die Reaktion verläuft mit höheren Fullerenen effizient und führte zur Isolierung eines der Konstitutionsisomere von Sc3N@C80.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín Dr.;Margarita Altable;Salvatore Filippone Dr.;Angel Martín-Domenech Dr.;Luis Echegoyen Dr.;Claudia M. Cardona Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2006 Volume 118(Issue 1) pp:
Publication Date(Web):14 DEC 2005
DOI:10.1002/ange.200690000
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín Dr.;Margarita Altable;Salvatore Filippone Dr.;Angel Martín-Domenech Dr.;Mireia Güell;Miquel Solà Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2006 Volume 118(Issue 9) pp:
Publication Date(Web):20 JAN 2006
DOI:10.1002/ange.200502404
Noch mehr kondensierte Ringe für Fullerene: Fuller-1,6-enine sind eine besondere Klasse von 1,6-Eninen mit einer hoch gespannten Doppelbindungskomponente und einer gekrümmten Moleküloberfläche. Sie reagieren in einer neuartigen thermischen [2+2]-Cycloaddition zu Produkten mit drei benachbarten kondensierten Ringen an einem sechsgliedrigen Ring des C60-Kerns (siehe Schema; nur ein Ausschnitt des Fullerenkäfigs ist gezeigt).
Co-reporter:Olena Lukoyanova;Claudia M. Cardona Dr.;Margarita Altable;Salvatore Filippone Dr.;Ángel Martín Domenech Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Luis Echegoyen Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 Volume 45(Issue 44) pp:
Publication Date(Web):16 OCT 2006
DOI:10.1002/anie.200602431
Going retro: Controlled-potential electrolysis (CPE) is employed as a synthetic tool in the selective removal of addends from fullerene adducts. Reductive CPE has been extensively used in the retro-cyclopropanation of fullerenes without affecting pyrrolidine addends also present. Now oxidative CPE for the selective removal of pyrrolidine addends in the presence of methano adducts is reported (see scheme).
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Margarita Altable, Salvatore Filippone, Angel Martín-Domenech, Luis Echegoyen,Claudia M. Cardona
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006 45(1) pp:1
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.200690000
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2005 vol. 15(Issue 14) pp:1409-1421
Publication Date(Web):26 Jan 2005
DOI:10.1039/B417580H
Recent examples of C60 dumbbells covalently linked by different electron-donor fragments (porphyrins, π-conjugated oligomers, TTFs, etc.) are summarized and their main properties highlighted. Although, similarly to the related C60–donor dyads, no significant electronic interaction has been observed between the three electroactive components in the ground state, namely two C60 units and the electron-donor fragment, the presence of a second C60 cage provides enhanced photophysical properties to the final triads in comparison to the related dyads. These findings suggest the presence of a cooperative effect. Some of these C60 dumbbell triads have been applied in the construction of photovoltaic devices and the results obtained indicate that they can play a very active role in the emerging field of optoelectronic devices.
Co-reporter:Carmen Atienza, Braulio Insuasty, Carlos Seoane, Nazario Martín, Jeff Ramey, G. M. Aminur Rahman and Dirk M. Guldi
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2005 vol. 15(Issue 1) pp:124-132
Publication Date(Web):26 Nov 2004
DOI:10.1039/B412110D
A new series of soluble dumbbell-type architectures constituted by π-conjugated oligophenyleneethynylenes (OPEs) and two C60 stoppers have been prepared by using a convergent synthetic strategy. In particular, we base our approach on the systematic cross-coupling, palladium catalyzed Hagihara–Sonogashira reaction between aryl iodides and alkynyl derivatives. The cyclic voltammetry of the correspondingly synthesized system reveals amphoteric redox behavior and the lack of significant electronic communication between the oligo-arylalkynyl bridge and the two C60 moieties, which behave as two independent units. Excited state studies carried out by fluorescence and transition absorption spectroscopy show that, although a weak competitive electron transfer could operate in the deactivation process of the excited oligo-arylalkynyl bridges, their deactivation is mainly governed by energy transfer.
Co-reporter:Margarita Suárez, Merly de Armas, Oney Ramírez, Amaury Alvarez, Roberto Martínez-Alvarez, Dolores Molero, Carlos Seoane, Ramón Liz, Hector Novoa de Armas, Norbert M. Blaton, Oswald M. Peeters and Nazario Martín
New Journal of Chemistry 2005 vol. 29(Issue 12) pp:1567-1576
Publication Date(Web):26 Oct 2005
DOI:10.1039/B506018D
A new series of 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) endowed with ester groups bearing long and functionalised alkoxy chains at the C3 and C5 positions of the nitrogen ring have been prepared from the corresponding β-keto esters which were in turn prepared by a lipase catalysed transesterification reaction. The structural study has been carried out by X-ray crystallography and theoretical calculations at the semiempirical (AM1), ab initio
(HF/6-31G*) and B3LYP/6-31G* levels and reveals that the long alkyl chains do not have any influence on the required geometry of the 1,4-DHPs for biological activity. However, these chains have a strong impact on the lipophilicity and, therefore, they could be used to gain a better control of the duration of the pharmacological action.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Francesco Giacalone, José L. Segura, Dirk M. Guldi
Synthetic Metals 2005 Volume 149(Issue 1) pp:95-96
Publication Date(Web):28 February 2005
DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.12.003
Co-reporter:Francesco Giacalone Dr.;José L. Segura Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Jeff Ramey;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2005 Volume 11(Issue 16) pp:
Publication Date(Web):25 JUL 2005
DOI:10.1002/chem.200590051
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2005 Volume 117(Issue 34) pp:
Publication Date(Web):5 JUL 2005
DOI:10.1002/ange.200500321
Die Kombination von Fullerenen und Wasserstoffbrücken schafft ein neues interdisziplinäres Feld, bei dem schwache intermolekulare Kräfte die Eigenschaften von ein-, zwei- und dreidimensionalen Fullerenarchitekturen modulieren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz stellt supramolekulare Strukturen vor, die auf diese Weise zugänglich sind. Es wird gezeigt, dass die elektronische Kommunikation von Donor-Acceptor-Einheiten in wasserstoffverbrückten Verbindungen auf der Basis von C60 wenigstens so ausgeprägt ist wie in kovalent verknüpften Systemen und dass der Einsatz von Wasserstoffbrücken in der Fullerenchemie ein vielseitiges Konzept zur Konstruktion funktionaler Ensembles darstellt.
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2005 Volume 44(Issue 34) pp:
Publication Date(Web):5 JUL 2005
DOI:10.1002/anie.200500321
The combination of fullerenes and hydrogen-bonding motifs is a new interdisciplinary field in which weak intermolecular forces allow modulation of one-, two-, and three-dimensional fullerene-based architectures and control of their function. This Minireview aims to extend the scope of fullerene chemistry to a truly supramolecular level from which unprecedented architectures may evolve. It is shown that electronic communication in C60-based hydrogen-bonded donor–acceptor ensembles is at least as strong as that found in covalently connected systems and that hydrogen-bonding fullerene chemistry is a versatile concept for the construction of functional ensembles.
Co-reporter:Francesco Giacalone Dr.;José L. Segura Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Jeff Ramey;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2005 Volume 11(Issue 16) pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 JUN 2005
DOI:10.1002/chem.200500073
A series of donor–acceptor arrays (C60–oligo-PPV–exTTF; 16–20) incorporating π-conjugated oligo(phenylenevinylene) wires (oligo-PPV) of different length between π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) as electron donor and C60 as electron acceptor has been prepared by multistep convergent synthetic approaches. The electronic interactions between the three electroactive species present in 16–20 were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Our studies clearly show that, although the C60 units are connected to the exTTF donors through a π-conjugated oligo-PPV framework, no significant electronic interactions are observed in the ground state. Interestingly, photoinduced electron-transfer processes over distances of up to 50 Å afford highly stabilized radical ion pairs. The measured lifetimes for the photogenerated charge-separated states are in the range of hundreds of nanoseconds (∼500 ns) in benzonitrile, regardless of the oligomer length (i.e., from the monomer to the pentamer). A different lifetime (4.35 μs) is observed for the heptamer-containing array. This difference in lifetime has been accounted for by the loss of planarity of the oPPV moiety that increases with the wire length, as established by semi-empirical (PM3) theoretical calculations carried out with 19 and 20. The charge recombination dynamics reveal a very low attenuation factor (β=0.01±0.005 Å−1). This β value, as well as the strong electron coupling (V∼5.5 cm−1) between the donor and the acceptor units, clearly reveals a nanowire behavior for the π-conjugated oligomer, which paves the way for applications in nanotechnology.
Mediante una aproximación sintética convergente en varios pasos, se ha preparado una serie de sistemas dador–aceptor (C60–oligo-PPV–exTTF) (16–20) incorporando cables moleculares π-conjugados de oligo(fenilenvinileno) (oligo-PPV) de diferente longitud entre la unidad de tetratiafulvaleno π-extendido (exTTF) como dador de electrones y C60 como unidad aceptora. Las interacciones electrónicas entre las tres especies electroactivas presentes en 16–20 fueron investigadas por espectroscopia UV-Vis y experimentos de voltamperometría cíclica (CV). Nuestros estudios muestran que, aunque las unidades de C60 están conectadas a los dadores exTTF a través de un esqueleto π-conjugado de oligo-PPV, no se observan interacciones electrónicas significativas en el estado fundamental. Interesantemente, los procesos de transferencia electrónica fotoinducida a distancias de hasta 50 Å forman pares ion radical altamente estabilizados. Los tiempos de vida medidos para los estados fotogenerados de separación de carga están en el rango de cientos de nanosegundos (∼500 ns) en benzonitrilo, independientemente de la longitud del oligómero (desde el monómero al pentámero). Un tiempo de vida diferente (4.35 μs) se ha observado para el sistema que contiene el heptámero. Esta diferencia en el tiempo de vida se ha justificado mediante la pérdida de planaridad del fragmento de oPPV, la cual aumenta con el aumento de la longitud del oligómero, según los cálculos teóricos semiempíricos (PM3) llevados a cabo para 19 y 20. La dinámica de recombinación de carga revela un factor de atenuación muy bajo (β=0.01±0.005 Å−1). Este valor de β así como el fuerte acoplamiento electrónico (V∼5.5 cm−1) entre las unidades dadora y aceptora muestran claramente un comportamiento de nanocable molecular para el oligómero π-conjugado, abriendo así el camino a su aplicación en nanotecnología.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín Dr.;Margarita Altable;Salvatore Filippone Dr.;Ángel Martín-Domenech Dr.;Albert Poater;Miquel Solà Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2005 Volume 11(Issue 9) pp:
Publication Date(Web):24 FEB 2005
DOI:10.1002/chem.200401200
Suitably functionalized fulleropyrrolidines endowed with one or two propargyl groups at the C-2 position of the pyrrolidine ring (1,6-enynes) react efficiently and regioselectively with [Co2(CO)8] to afford the respective Pauson–Khand products with an unprecedented three (5 a–d, 7, and 24) or five (25) pentagonal rings, respectively, fused onto the fullerene sphere. Fulleropyrrolidines with 1,7-, 1,9-, 1,10-, or 1,11-enyne moieties do not undergo the PK reaction and, instead, the intermediate dicobalt complexes formed with the alkynyl group are isolated in quantitative yields. These differences in reactivity have been studied by DFT calculations with a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional and several important energy and structural differences were found for the intermediates formed by the interaction between the coordinatively unsaturated Co atom and the π system of C60 in 1,6- and 1,7-enynes. The different lengths of the alkyne chains are responsible for the observed reactivities. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the presence of the cyclopentenone's carbonyl group connected directly to the C60 core results in PK compounds with remarkable electron-accepting ability.
Fulleropirrolidinas adecuadamente funcionalizadas con uno o dos grupos propargilo en el C-2 del anillo de pirrolidina (1,6-eninos), reaccionan con [Co2(CO)8] proporcionando de manera regioselectiva y con altos rendimientos los correspondientes productos Pauson-Khand (PK). Estos compuestos presentan una estructura sin precedentes con tres (5 a–d, 7, 24) o cinco (25) anillos pentagonales fusionados sobre la esfera del C60. Las fulleropirrolidinas que contienen los grupos 1,7-, 1,9-, 1,10- o 1,11-enino no reaccionan en las condiciones de PK, aislándose únicamente los complejos de cobalto intermedios con rendimientos cuantitativos.Esta diferente reactividad ha sido estudiada mediante cálculos teóricos realizados a nivel DFT, utilizando el funcional de la aproximación del gradiente generalizado (GGA). Dichos cálculos muestran importantes diferencias energéticas y estructurales entre los intermedios formados por el cobalto coordinativamente insaturado y el sistema π del C60 en los 1,6- y 1,7-eninos. La diferente longitud de la cadena hidrocarbonada que soporta el grupo alquino, es la responsable de la reactividad observada. El estudio de los productos de PK mediante voltamperometría cíclica (CV) muestra que la presencia del grupo CO del anillo de ciclopentenona unido directamente al C60 es responsable de la notable capacidad aceptora de estos nuevos compuestos.
Co-reporter:Dirk M. Guldi Dr.;Francesco Giacalone Dr.;Gema de la Torre Dr.;José L. Segura Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2005 Volume 11(Issue 24) pp:
Publication Date(Web):15 SEP 2005
DOI:10.1002/chem.200500209
Two triads (donor–spacer–acceptor), exTTF–BN–C60 (6) and ZnP–BN–C60 (7), in which electron donors (i.e., exTTF or ZnP) are covalently linked to C60 through a chiral binaphthyl bridge (BN), have been prepared in a multistep synthetic procedure starting from a highly soluble enantiomerically pure binaphthyl building block (1). Unlike other oligomeric bridges, with binaphthyl bridges, the conjugation between the donor and the acceptor units is broken and geometric conformational changes are facilitated. Consequently, distances and electronic interactions between the donor and C60 are drastically changed. Both donor–spacer–acceptor (D–s–A) systems (i.e., 6 and 7) exhibit redox processes that correspond to all three constituent electroactive units, namely, donor, BN, and C60. Appreciable differences were, however, observed when comparing triad 6, in which no significant exTTF–C60 interactions were noted, with D–s–A 7, whose geometry favors donor–acceptor and π–π interactions that result in ZnP–C60 electronic communication. This through-space interaction is, for example, reflected in the redox potentials. Excited-state studies, carried out by fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy, also support through-space rather than through-bond interactions. Although both triads form the corresponding radical-ion pair, that is, exTTF.+–BN–C60.− and ZnP.+–BN–C60.−, dramatic differences were found in their lifetimes: 165 μs and 730 ns, respectively.
Se han preparado dos tríadas (Dador-Espaciador-Aceptor) exTTF–BN–C60 (6) y ZnP–BN–C60 (7), empleando una estrategia sintética en varios pasos a partir de unidades solubles de binaftilo enantiomericamente puro. En dichas tríadas los dadores de electrones (exTTF o ZnP) están unidos covalentemente al C60 a través de un puente de binaftilo quiral. A diferencia de otros espaciadores oligoméricos, en los BN la conjugación entre las unidades dadora y aceptora se encuentra interrumpida y se facilitan los cambios en la geometría conformacional. Por consiguiente, tanto las distancias como las interacciones electrónicas entre el dador y el C60 cambian de manera drástica. Ambas tríadas D–s–A (6 y 7) dan lugar a los procesos redox correspondientes a las tres unidades electroactivas, es decir dador, BN y C60. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias apreciables al comparar la tríada 6, en la que no se detectan interacciones exTTF–C60, con el sistema D–s–A 7, donde la geometría favorece tanto las interacciones dador–aceptor, como las interacciones π–π que dan lugar a una comunicación electrónica ZnP–C60.Estas interacciones a través del espacio se reflejan, por ejemplo, en los potenciales redox. Estudios en estado excitado, llevados a cabo mediante espectroscopia de fluorescencia y de absorción con resolución temporal, apoyan las interacciones a través del espacio frente a las interacciones a través de enlace. Aunque ambas tríadas forman el par ion radical, es decir, exTTF.+–BN–C60.−y ZnP.+–BN–C60.−, se han encontrado diferencias notables en sus tiempos de vida media, de 165 μs y 730 ns, respectivamente.
Co-reporter:Samantha Ha;Francesco Giacalone;Saif A. Haque;Emilio Palomares Dr.;Nazario Martín;James R. Durrant
Chemistry - A European Journal 2005 Volume 11(Issue 24) pp:
Publication Date(Web):27 OCT 2005
DOI:10.1002/chem.200401312
The charge-recombination dynamics of two exTTF–C60 dyads (exTTF=9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene), observed after photoinduced charge separation, are compared in solution and in the solid state. The dyads differ only in the degree of conjugation of the bridge between the donor (exTTF) and the acceptor (C60) moieties. In solution, photoexcitation of the nonconjugated dyad C60–BN–exTTF (1) (BN=1,1′-binaphthyl) shows slower charge-recombination dynamics compared with the conjugated dyad C60–TVB–exTTF (2) (TVB=bisthienylvinylenebenzene) (lifetimes of 24 and 0.6 μs, respectively), consistent with the expected stronger electronic coupling in the conjugated dyad. However, in solid films, the dynamics are remarkably different, with dyad 2 showing slower recombination dynamics than 1. For dyad 1, recombination dynamics for the solid films are observed to be tenfold faster than in solution, with this acceleration attributed to enhanced electronic coupling between the geminate radical pair in the solid film. In contrast, for dyad 2, the recombination dynamics in the solid film exhibit a lifetime of 7 μs, tenfold slower than that observed for this dyad in solution. These slow recombination dynamics are assigned to the dissociation of the initially formed geminate radical pair to free carriers. Subsequent trapping of the free carriers at film defects results in the observed slow recombination dynamics. It is thus apparent that consideration of solution-phase recombination data is of only limited value in predicting the solid-film behaviour. These results are discussed with reference to the development of organic solar cells based upon molecular donor–acceptor structures.
Co-reporter:Gema de la Torre Dr.;Francesco Giacalone Dr.;José L. Segura Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2005 Volume 11(Issue 4) pp:
Publication Date(Web):5 JAN 2005
DOI:10.1002/chem.200400604
Novel photo- and electroactive triads, in which π-conjugated p-phenylenevinylene oligomers (oPPVs) of different length are connected to a photoexcited-state electron donor (i.e., zinc tetraphenylporphyrin) and an electron acceptor (i.e., C60), were designed, synthesized, and tested as electron-transfer model systems. A detailed physicochemical investigation, concentrating mainly on long-range charge separation and charge recombination and kinetics, revealed small attenuation factors β of 0.03±0.005 Å−1. Energy matching between the HOMO levels of C60 and oPPVs emerged as a key parameter for supporting molecular-wire-like behavior: It favors rapid and efficient electron or hole injection into the oPPV wires. Large electronic coupling values were determined as a result of paraconjugation in the oPPV moieties.
En el presente artículo se describen el diseño, síntesis y estudio de la transferencia electrónica de nuevas triádas foto y electroactivas utilizadas como sistemas modelo. Estos sistemas están constituidos por oligómeros π-conjugados derivados del p-fenilenvinileno (oPPVs) de distinta longitud conectados a un dador electrónico con estado excitado (i.e. tetrafenilporfirina de zinc) y un aceptor electrónico (i.e. C60). El estudio físico-químico detallado, centrado fundamentalmente en los procesos de separación de carga a larga distancia y los procesos y cinética de recombinación, revela valores del factor de atenuación (β) de 0.03±0.005 Å−1. La concordancia energética entre los niveles HOMO de C60 y de oPPV se ha revelado como un parámetro fundamental para confirmar el comportamiento de cable molecular: se favorece una rápida y eficiente inyección de electrones o huecos en los cables de oPPV. Se han determinado valores de acoplamiento electrónico elevados como consecuencia de la paraconjugación presente en las unidades de oPPV.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Margarita Altable, Salvatore Filippone and Ángel Martín-Domenech
Chemical Communications 2004 (Issue 11) pp:1338-1339
Publication Date(Web):04 May 2004
DOI:10.1039/B402616K
Fullerenes undergo regioselectively and highly efficiently the intramolecular Pauson–Khand reaction to afford a new type of unprecedented structure with three fused pentagonal rings on the same fullerene six-membered ring.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín, Francesco Giacalone, José L. Segura, Nazario Martín, Dirk M. Guldi
Synthetic Metals 2004 Volume 147(1–3) pp:57-61
Publication Date(Web):7 December 2004
DOI:10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.05.020
Within the context of exploring photophysical properties of [60]fullerene-based donor–acceptor ensembles, we highlight in this contribution an approach towards the synthesis of a novel series of donor-bridge-acceptor, C60–wire–exTTF, ensembles that incorporate p-phenylenevinylene oligomers, in which the conjugation length has been systematically increased, as bridges that connect π-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (exTTF) (electron donor) with [60]fullerene (electron acceptor). This molecular design allows probing the effects of distance and rate, at which electron transfer processes occur, as well as the molecular-wire behavior of the oligo-PPV fragments.
Co-reporter:Marta C. Díaz;Beatriz M. Illescas Dr.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Rafael Viruela Dr.;Pedro M. Viruela Dr.;Enrique Ortí Dr.;Ortwin Brede Dr.;Israel Zilbermann Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2004 Volume 10(Issue 8) pp:
Publication Date(Web):7 APR 2004
DOI:10.1002/chem.200305555
A new class of π-extended TTF-type electron donors (11 a–c) has been synthesized by Wittig–Horner olefination of bianthrone (9) with 1,3-dithiole phosphonate esters (10 a–c). In cyclic voltammetry experiments, donors 11 a–c reveal a single, electrochemically irreversible oxidation—yielding the corresponding dicationic products—at relatively low oxidation potentials (∼0.7–0.8 V). Theoretical calculations, performed at the DFT level (B3 P86/6-31 G*), predict a highly-folded C2h structure for 11 a. In the ground state, the molecule adopts a double saddle-like conformation to compensate the steric hindrance. The calculations suggest that the intramolecular charge transfer associated with the HOMOLUMO transition is responsible for an absorption band observed above 400 nm. While the radical cation 11 a.+ retains the folded C2h structure predicted for the neutral molecule as the most stable conformation, the dication 11 a2+ has a fully aromatic D2 structure, formed by an orthogonal 9,9′-bianthryl central unit to which two singly-charged dithiole rings are attached. The drastic conformational changes that compounds 11 undergo upon oxidation account for their electrochemical properties. By means of pulse radiolysis measurements, radical-induced one-electron oxidation of 11 a–c was shown to lead to the radical cation species (11 a–c.+), which were found to disproportionate with generation of the respective dication species (11 a–c2+) and the neutral molecules (11 a–c).
Una nueva familia de moléculas dadoras de electrones de tipo TTF π-extendido, altamente conjugadas, (11 a–c) se han sintetizado mediante la reacción de olefinación de Wittig–Horner de la biantrona (9) con fosfonatos de 1,3-ditiol (10 a–c). En los experimentos de voltamperometría cíclica, los dadores 11 a–c muestran una única onda de oxidación electroquímicamente irreversible—dando lugar a los productos dicatiónicos—a potenciales relativamente bajos (∼0.7–0.8 V). Cálculos teóricos, llevados a cabo a nivel DFT (B3 P86/6-31 G*), predicen una estructuraC2haltamente distorsionada para 11 a. La molécula adopta una conformación en forma de doble mariposa para aliviar el impedimento estérico. Los cálculos sugieren que la transferencia de carga intramolecular asociada a la transición HOMOLUMO es responsable de la banda de absorción observada por encima de 400 nm en el espectro electrónico. El catión radical 11 a.+retiene la estructura C2hplegada predicha para la molécula neutra como la conformación más estable. Por el contrario, el dicatión 11 a2+muestra una estructuraD2totalmente aromática,formada por una unidad central de 9,9′-biantrilo ortogonal, unida a los anillos cargados de ditiol. Los profundos cambios conformacionales que experimentan los compuestos 11 tras la oxidación explican sus propiedades electroquímicas. Medidas de radiólisis de pulso, esto es, la oxidación monoelectrónica de 11 a–c inducida por radicales, conduce a las especies catión radical (11 a–c.+), las cuales dismutan para generar las respectivas especies dicatiónicas (11 a–c2+) y la molécula neutra (11 a–c).
Co-reporter:Luis Sánchez Dr.;Ignacio Pérez Lcdo.;Nazario Martín Dr.;Dirk M. Guldi Dr. habil.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2003 Volume 9(Issue 11) pp:
Publication Date(Web):28 MAY 2003
DOI:10.1002/chem.200204494
Novel π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF)-based donor acceptor hybrids—dyads and triads—have been synthesized following a multistep synthetic procedure. Cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectroscopy, conducted in room temperature solutions, reveal features that are identical to the sum of the separate donor and acceptor moieties. Steady-state and time-resolved photolytic techniques confirm that upon photoexcitation of the fullerene chromophore, rapid (1.25×1010 s−1) and efficient (67 %) charge separation leads to long-lived, charge-separated radical pairs. Typical lifetimes for the dyad ensembles range between 54 and 460 ns, with the longer values found in more polar solvents. This indicates that the dynamics are located in the 'normal region' of the Marcus curve. In the triads, subsequent charge shifts transform the adjacent radical pair into the distant radical pair, for which we determined lifetimes of up to 111 μs in DMF—values never previously accomplished in molecular triads. In the final charge-separated state, large donor-acceptor separation (center-to-center distances: ≈30 Å) minimizes the coupling between reduced acceptor and oxidized donor. Analysis of the charge recombination kinetics shows that a stepwise mechanism accounts for the unusually long lifetimes.
Nuevos sistemas dador-aceptor -díadas y tríadas- derivados de tetratíafulvaleno π-extendido (exTTF) han sido obtenidos mediante un procedimiento sintético en varios pasos. La voltamperometría cíclica y espectroscopia de absorción, realizadas en disoluciones a temperatura ambiente, muestran características que corresponden a la suma de ambos fragmentos dador y aceptor por separado. Las técnicas fotolíticas en estado estacionario y a tiempos definidos confirman que la fotoexcitación del cromóforo de fullereno conduce a una rápida (1.25×1010 s−1) y eficiente (67 %) separación de carga con formación de pares radical con tiempos de vida largos. Los tiempos de vida típicos para las díadas oscilan entre 54 y 460 ns, con los valores más elevados encontrados en los disolventes más polares, indicando que la dinámica se localiza en la “región normal” de la curva de Marcus. En las tríadas, el posterior desplazamiento de carga transforma el par radical adyacente en un par radical a larga distancia, para el cual se ha determinado un tiempo de vida de 111 μs en DMF, valores estos que no habían sido alcanzados hasta ahora en tríadas moleculares. El análisis de la cinética de recombinación de carga indica que los elevados tiempos de vida serían debidos a un mecanismo por etapas.
Co-reporter:M. Ángeles Herranz, Marcel W. J. Beulen, José A. Rivera, Luis Echegoyen, Marta C. Díaz, Beatriz M. Illescas and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2002 vol. 12(Issue 7) pp:2048-2053
Publication Date(Web):13 May 2002
DOI:10.1039/B202040H
Spiromethanofullerenes 5, 8 and 10 containing a nitrophenyl substituent attached to the methano adduct, were synthesized via the diazomethane route or via the Bingel reaction. The electrochemistry and electrolysis of these compounds were investigated in THF. Reductive electrolysis leads to the removal of the addend, formation of [60]fullerene, and to the formation of bis-adducts from the mono-adducts. The extent of the retro-cyclopropanation reaction varied as a function of the structural and electronic differences between the compounds. Electron spin resonance studies (ESR) allowed the observation of spin localization on the fullerene core or on the nitrobenzene moiety upon successive reductions.
Co-reporter:Carmen Villegas; Maximilian Wolf; Damien Joly; Juan Luis Delgado; Dirk M. Guldi;Nazario Martín
Organic Letters () pp:
Publication Date(Web):September 29, 2015
DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02542
Two electron transport chains (2 and 3) featuring two fullerenes with different electron acceptor strengths have been synthesized, characterized, and coordinated to a light harvesting/electron donating zinc porphyrin. Electrochemical assays corroborate the redox gradients along the designed electron transport chains, and complementary absorption and fluorescence titrations prove the assembly of ZnP-2 and ZnP-3 hybrids.
Co-reporter:Lydia Cabau, Ines Garcia-Benito, Agustin Molina-Ontoria, Nuria F. Montcada, Nazario Martin, Anton Vidal-Ferran and Emilio Palomares
Chemical Communications 2015 - vol. 51(Issue 73) pp:NaN13982-13982
Publication Date(Web):2015/07/30
DOI:10.1039/C5CC05236J
We report the synthesis and characterisation of tetra{4-[N,N-(4,4′-dimethoxydiphenylamino)]phenyl}ethene (TAE-1) as an efficient and robust hole transport material for its application in methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite solar cells. The solar cells show light-to-energy conversion efficiencies as high as 11.0% under standard measurement conditions without the need of additional dopants.
Co-reporter:Carlos Romero-Nieto, Anaïs Medina, Agustin Molina-Ontoria, Christian G. Claessens, Luis Echegoyen, Nazario Martín, Tomás Torres and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2012 - vol. 48(Issue 41) pp:NaN4955-4955
Publication Date(Web):2012/04/17
DOI:10.1039/C2CC31167D
One carbon atom is too many. Two subphthalocyanine-extended TTF electron donor–acceptor conjugates were synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical properties prompt the remarkable impact that one extra carbon between the two constitutents exerts on photoinduced processes, that is, charge recombination dynamics in the normal versus inverted region.
Co-reporter:Laura Rodríguez-Pérez, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2013 - vol. 49(Issue 36) pp:NaN3735-3735
Publication Date(Web):2013/03/14
DOI:10.1039/C3CC38950B
Graphene is a unique material with outstanding mechanical and electronic properties. For solution processes graphene layers have to be stabilized by means of molecular or supramolecular chemical derivatization, prior to their transfer to solid substrates. The most common chemical methodology for the preparation of graphene involves the formation of graphene oxide under highly oxidizing conditions, which even after reduction, lacks the electronic quality of pristine graphene. Presently, there is increasing concern in the chemical community about the starting material quality, and recent efforts are directed to wet chemical approaches toward high-quality graphene flakes which encompass the use of graphite as initial material. In addition, epitaxial growth of graphene on metallic surfaces is becoming a powerful technique for the production of pristine graphene with a control on its electronic properties, somehow due to the supramolecular interaction with the metallic surface. Current approaches for the preparation of modified pristine graphene are the aim of this review.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2013 - vol. 49(Issue 63) pp:NaN7027-7027
Publication Date(Web):2013/06/13
DOI:10.1039/C3CC00240C
Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) is among the most versatile and well-known molecules which exhibits outstanding redox properties and a remarkable electron donor character. Its first synthesis was published in a short communication by Wudl in 1970. In this viewpoint, its synthesis and characterization are discussed and, most importantly, the significance of TTF in the development of electrically conducting materials (organic or synthetic metals) and its further application in molecular electronics are highlighted.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez, Agostina L. Capodilupo, Gustavo Fernández, Luis Sánchez, Pedro M. Viruela, Rafael Viruela, Enrique Ortí, Massimo Bietti and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2008(Issue 38) pp:NaN4569-4569
Publication Date(Web):2008/08/12
DOI:10.1039/B810177A
The relative contributions of several weak intermolecular forces to the overall stability of the complexes formed between structurally related receptors and [60]fullerene are compared, revealing a discernible contribution from concave–convex complementarity.
Co-reporter:Konstantin Dirian, M. Ángeles Herranz, Georgios Katsukis, Jenny Malig, Laura Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos Romero-Nieto, Volker Strauss, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Science (2010-Present) 2013 - vol. 4(Issue 12) pp:NaN4353-4353
Publication Date(Web):2013/07/31
DOI:10.1039/C3SC51100F
This Minireview sheds light onto the electronic communication between, on one hand, low dimensional nanocarbons – single and multiwalled 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene – and, on the other hand, a variety of electroactive species en-route to novel electron donor–acceptor conjugates and hybrids in relation to their covalent and non-covalent chemistry, respectively. A common denominator to any of the highlighted conjugates/hybrids is charge transport across different scales, that is, from individual molecular conjugates/hybrids to morphologically controlled devices.
Co-reporter:Mateusz Wielopolski, Magdalena Marszalek, Fulvio G. Brunetti, Damien Joly, Joaquín Calbo, Juan Aragó, Jacques-E. Moser, Robin Humphry-Baker, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Juan Luis Delgado, Michael Grätzel, Enrique Ortí and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016 - vol. 4(Issue 17) pp:NaN3808-3808
Publication Date(Web):2015/12/09
DOI:10.1039/C5TC03501E
The development of new light harvesting materials is a key issue for the progress of the research on organic & hybrid photovoltaics. Here, we report a new class of organic sensitizers based on the bi-fluorenylidene moiety as π-linker within the donor–π-linker–acceptor (D–π–A) scheme. The new dyes are endowed with electron donor and electron acceptor units at strategic positions in order to improve their electronic and light-harvesting properties. The comprehensive study of these compounds through the use of different experimental and theoretical techniques, provides an in-depth understanding of their electronic and photophysical properties, and reveal their interest as photovoltaic materials.
Co-reporter:Carlos Romero Nieto, Julia Guilleme, Carmen Villegas, Juan Luis Delgado, David González-Rodríguez, Nazario Martin, Tomás Torres and Dirk M. Guldi
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2011 - vol. 21(Issue 40) pp:NaN15918-15918
Publication Date(Web):2011/08/18
DOI:10.1039/C1JM13203B
The synthesis and photophysical characterization of a subphthalocyanine-polymethine cyanine panchromatic light harvester is described. The new conjugate shows the extraordinary absorption features of both constituents and reveals electron transfer that evolves from both constituents.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez and Nazario Martín
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2012 - vol. 10(Issue 18) pp:NaN3583-3583
Publication Date(Web):2012/02/06
DOI:10.1039/C2OB07159B
The selective recognition of chiral carbon nanoforms poses a fundamental challenge. New design principles must be devised to construct hosts capable of enantiodiscrimination between species in which chirality does not arise from asymmetric carbon atoms. In this emerging area article, we provide an overview of some of the relatively few successful examples of chiral recognition of carbon nanoforms, highlighting their common features with the aim of helping to develop general trends for the design of new generations of hosts.
Co-reporter:Mattias P. Eng, Safa Shoaee, Agustín Molina-Ontoria, Andreas Gouloumis, Nazario Martín and James R. Durrant
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2011 - vol. 13(Issue 9) pp:NaN3729-3729
Publication Date(Web):2010/12/20
DOI:10.1039/C0CP02107E
A fullerene based Donor–Bridge–Acceptor (DBA) compound, incorporating a π-extended tetrathiafulvalene electron donor, is investigated with respect to its photophysics in solution versus solid state. Solid films of neat DBA are compared with blend films where the DBA compound is diluted in the inert, low dielectric, polymer poly(styrene). It is found that the moderate intermolecular electronic coupling and donor–acceptor separation (22 Å) in this case leads to the generation of more dissociated, intermolecular charges than a mixture of the donor and acceptor reference compounds. However, the increased intermolecular interactions in the solid state lead to the excited state of the fullerene suffering from concentration self-quenching. This is found to severely affect the charge generation yield in solid films. The impact of competing intra and intermolecular interactions in the solid state upon the film photophysics is analysed in terms of a kinetic model which includes both the effects of concentration self-quenching and the impact of film composition upon the dielectric stabilisation of charge separated states. We conclude that both concentration self-quenching and dielectric stabilisation are critical in determining the photophysics of the blend films, and discuss strategies based upon our observations to enhance the charge photogeneration properties of organic films and photovoltaic devices based upon DBA compounds.
Co-reporter:Eva M. Priego, Luis Sánchez, M. Angeles Herranz, Nazario Martín, Rafael Viruela and Enrique Ortí
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2007 - vol. 5(Issue 8) pp:NaN1209-1209
Publication Date(Web):2007/03/20
DOI:10.1039/B701806A
A new family of π-extended TTF analogues (3a–c) and D–π–A chromophores (5a–c), in which the electroactive units (1,3-dithiole rings and 2,2-dicyanovinyl groups) are connected through a pyridine bridge with a meta substitution pattern, is reported. The redox behavior of these compounds has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and theoretical calculations performed at the B3P86/6-31G** level. Unlike many π-extended TTF derivatives, the 1,3-dithiole rings in compounds 3a–c do not behave independently and two oxidation processes are observed with an anodic separation ranging from 50 to 150 mV. Calculations show that electrons are equally extracted from both dithiole rings. A biradical structure is predicted for the dication state due to the near-degeneracy of the HOMO and HOMO − 1 orbitals. The presence of both donor (D) and acceptor (A) fragments in conjugates 5 results in irreversible oxidation and reduction processes associated with the 1,3-dithiole ring and with the 2,2-dicyanovinyl moiety, respectively. An electrochemical–chemical–electrochemical (ECE) process takes place for all the compounds reported. The chemical process implies the dimerization of the radical cation for compounds 5 and the oligomerization of the biradical dication for compounds 3. The ECE process therefore generates new neutral dimeric (5) or oligomeric (3) species that incorporate the TTF vinylogue core.
Co-reporter:Christian Ehli, Dirk M. Guldi, M. Ángeles Herranz, Nazario Martín, Stéphane Campidelli and Maurizio Prato
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2008 - vol. 18(Issue 13) pp:NaN1503-1503
Publication Date(Web):2008/01/22
DOI:10.1039/B716892F
Pyrene-tetrathiafulvalenes reveal strong interactive forces with different types of carbon nanotube (CNT) samples—ranging from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Notable, although subtle, are the differences that emerged while preparing, handling, and characterizing these composite materials. Stronger are the differences seen in the context of photoinduced charge transfer. In particular, charge injection into the conduction band of CNT probes afforded stable radical ion pair states (i.e., on the time scale of our femto/picosecond investigation) only for MWNTs, while the lifetimes for SWNTs are shorter. A likely rationale involves the multiple electron acceptor levels in MWNTs, when compared to SWNTs or double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs).
Co-reporter:Juan Luis Delgado, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2008 - vol. 18(Issue 13) pp:NaN1426-1426
Publication Date(Web):2008/02/07
DOI:10.1039/B717218D
Since the discovery of C60fullerene, carbon-based nanostructures have become one of the hottest research topics in science. During the past decade research efforts have mainly been devoted to the investigation of C60 and carbon nanotubes, although the ability of carbon to exist in different allotropic forms has provided a variety of nanoscale size shapes with fascinating properties. In this article we highlight some of the most representative examples that document the scientific progress accomplished in this field which, surprisingly, started with a serendipitous discovery.
Co-reporter:Henk J. Bolink, Eugenio Coronado, Alicia Forment-Aliaga, Martijn Lenes, Andrea La Rosa, Salvatore Filippone and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2011 - vol. 21(Issue 5) pp:NaN1386-1386
Publication Date(Web):2010/08/11
DOI:10.1039/C0JM01160F
Diphenylmethanofullerenes (DPMs) show interesting properties as acceptors in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells due to the high open circuit voltages they generate compared to their energy levels. Here we investigate the effect of reducing the alkane sidechain length of the DPMs from C12 to C6 in the properties of the solar cell. This change leads to an increase in the electron mobility, thus allowing for a lower fullerene content, which in turn results in an increase in the short circuit current and, finally, in an increase in the efficiency of the device (from 2.3 to 2.6%) due to the higher concentration of the more absorbing polymer in the film. Atomic force microscopy images and external quantum efficiencies suggest the absence of crystallization of the fullerene to be at the origin of the slightly reduced performance of DPMs versus the standard fullerene [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, implying that higher efficiencies could be possible with this class of fullerenes.
Co-reporter:Fulvio G. Brunetti, Juan Luis López, Carmen Atienza and Nazario Martín
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2012 - vol. 22(Issue 10) pp:NaN4205-4205
Publication Date(Web):2012/02/06
DOI:10.1039/C2JM15710A
In this review article, we present the features and properties of 9,10-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (exTTF) in molecular electronics. Due to its strong donor character accompanied by a geometrical conformational change upon the formation of the oxidized di-cation species, exTTF has found remarkable applications in several fields of interest including covalent and supramolecular ensembles, molecular wires, artificial photosynthetic systems as well as photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, very recent results have shown an interesting self-organization of hierarchical electroactive nanostructures where exTTF plays a leading role.
Co-reporter:Carmela Aprile, María Ángeles Herranz, Esther Carbonell, Hermenegildo Garcia and Nazario Martín
Dalton Transactions 2009(Issue 1) pp:NaN139-139
Publication Date(Web):2008/11/10
DOI:10.1039/B814384F
Gold nanoparticles (npAu, 5 nm diameter) stabilized by hexanethiol and dodecanethiol do not exhibit in THF upon laser flash excitation (355 nm) any detectable transient in the microsecond timescale. However, using octadecanethiol as npAu ligand, a weak signal attributed to THF solvated electrons was observed after excitation 355 nm. In contrast, irrespective of the alkyl length of the thiol ligand, irradiation of npAu in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid allows detecting charge separation in the microsecond time scale. By quenching with methyl viologen (MV) and determining the concentration of MV+˙, it was estimated that the quantum yield of charge separation state in ionic liquid was 0.12.
Co-reporter:Emilio M. Pérez and Nazario Martín
Chemical Society Reviews 2008 - vol. 37(Issue 8) pp:NaN1519-1519
Publication Date(Web):2008/05/30
DOI:10.1039/B802589B
The unique chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are to a great extent determined by their unusual curved shape. One of the most active fields in fullerene chemistry is the search for molecular receptors able to form stable associates with them in solution, with the purification from fullerite and the self-assembly of nanoscale electronic devices as main driving forces. In this tutorial review we present a brief overview of the recent advances in the construction of molecular receptors that feature curved concave surfaces complementary to the convex surface of fullerenes as a key recognizing element.
Co-reporter:Dirk M. Guldi, Beatriz M. Illescas, Carmen Mª Atienza, Mateusz Wielopolski and Nazario Martín
Chemical Society Reviews 2009 - vol. 38(Issue 6) pp:NaN1597-1597
Publication Date(Web):2009/05/01
DOI:10.1039/B900402P
This tutorial review surveys and highlights the integration of different molecular wires—in combination with chromophores that exhibit (i) significant absorption cross section throughout the visible part of the solar spectrum and (ii) good electron donating power—into novel electron donor–acceptor conjugates. The focus is predominantly on charge transfer and charge transport features of the most promising systems.
Co-reporter:Helena Isla, Bruno Grimm, Emilio M. Pérez, M. Rosario Torres, M. Ángeles Herranz, Rafael Viruela, Juan Aragó, Enrique Ortí, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Chemical Science (2010-Present) 2012 - vol. 3(Issue 2) pp:NaN508-508
Publication Date(Web):2011/10/19
DOI:10.1039/C1SC00669J
We describe the synthesis, electronic, optical and photophysical properties of a family of three electron-donor bowl-shaped organic molecules that absorb light in the whole range of the visible spectrum (up to 800 nm in one case), and associate C60 in solution with binding constants in the range of 104–102 M−1 as measured from both UV-vis and fluorescence titrations in several solvents. These molecules are π-extended derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene, based on a truxene core to which two or three units of dithiole are covalently attached. The inclusion of the bulky dithiole groups is responsible for their bowl-shape geometry, which allows them to associate with C60, and their electron-donor character. The symmetric derivative 1, with three dithiole units, absorbs light in the 370–520 nm range. Exchanging one of the dithiole groups by an electron-withdrawing group, ketone (2) and dicyanomethylene (3), results in an intramolecular push–pull effect that extends the absorption to nearly 700 nm in the case of 2, and up to 800 nm in the case of 3. Transient absorption measurements, supported by spectroelectrochemical and radiolytical experiments, reveal that upon photoexcitation of the 1∙C60 associate the fully charge-separated state 1•+∙C60•− is generated, with lifetimes of hundreds of picoseconds. Molecular-level understanding of the electronic and supramolecular properties of 1–3 is provided by density functional theory calculations.
Co-reporter:Yuta Takano, Christina Schubert, Naomi Mizorogi, Lai Feng, Azusa Iwano, Mikimasa Katayama, M. Ángeles Herranz, Dirk M. Guldi, Nazario Martín, Shigeru Nagase and Takeshi Akasaka
Chemical Science (2010-Present) 2013 - vol. 4(Issue 8) pp:NaN3171-3171
Publication Date(Web):2013/05/17
DOI:10.1039/C3SC00004D
Intramolecular and intermolecular electronic interactions are important concepts for fabricating fullerene-based nanostructures such as bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells and supramolecular assemblies. To ascertain differences of the molecular interactions depending on the electronic characteristics of the fullerene adducts, we have synthesized and investigated the [5,6]-open and [6,6]-closed adducts of C60, which are covalently linked to π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) by a flexible σ-bond chain. The two adducts were synthesized by means of cycloaddition reactions and were characterized using spectroscopic methods such as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Electronic properties of the [5,6]-open and [6,6]-closed adducts were investigated in the ground and excited states using steady-state absorption spectroscopy, cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (CV and DPV), fluorescence spectroscopy, and femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. DFT calculations of the two adducts predict that the flexible bridge between C60 and exTTF enables a closer proximity than the interlayer distance of graphite (3.35 Å), which dictates considerable π–π interactions. In comparing the [5,6]- and [6,6]-adducts, it is noteworthy to mention that the [6,6]-adduct revealed longer lifetimes of the photochemically formed radical ion pair states than that of the [5,6]-adduct, which is in contrast to results of recent investigations related to the photodynamics of [5,6]- and [6,6]-adducts of C60. Titration experiments using references, namely [5,6]- and [6,6]-PC61BM, inferred that the [6,6]-adduct gives rise to stronger electronic interactions with exTTF than the [5,6]-adduct. Comprehensive understanding of the different molecular properties, which the [5,6]- and [6,6]-adducts exhibit, provides valuable information regarding the morphology and/or the electronic properties of C60-based nanocomposites, such as C60-based BHJ solar cells or supramolecular assemblies.
Co-reporter:Carmen Villegas, Juan Luis Delgado, Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Bruno Grimm, Wolfgang Seitz, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Science (2010-Present) 2011 - vol. 2(Issue 9) pp:NaN1681-1681
Publication Date(Web):2011/06/29
DOI:10.1039/C1SC00331C
We report here on one of the rare cases that realizes a reductive charge shift from a primary electron acceptor (C60) to a secondary electron acceptor (C70) in a ZnP–C60–C70 conjugate. Initially, charge separation evolves from an excited state electron donor (ZnP). By far the most far reaching benefit from such a reductive pathway is a marked slow down of the energy wasting charge recombination when compared to the ZnP–C60 conjugate (i.e., picoseconds versus nanoseconds).
Co-reporter:Roberto Cao, Helena Isla, Roberto Cao, Emilio M. Pérez and Nazario Martín
Chemical Science (2010-Present) 2011 - vol. 2(Issue 7) pp:NaN1388-1388
Publication Date(Web):2011/05/13
DOI:10.1039/C1SC00179E
We report the synthesis and C60 binding abilities of gold nanoparticles capped with π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTFAuNPs). The exTTFAuNPs show a strong tendency to aggregate both in solution and in the solid state through multiple weak exTTF-exTTF interactions. A thorough collection of experiments demonstrates that upon addition of C60, stable noncovalent exTTFAuNP·C60 associates are formed, with concomitant partial disaggregation of the nanoparticles.
Co-reporter:Carmen Atienza-Castellanos, Mateusz Wielopolski, Dirk M. Guldi, Cornelia van der Pol, Martin R. Bryce, Salvatore Filippone and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2007(Issue 48) pp:NaN5166-5166
Publication Date(Web):2007/10/09
DOI:10.1039/B711678K
Fluorene-based bridges exhibit a molecular wire-like behaviour in C60–wire–exTTF systems with a very low attenuation factor (β = 0.09 Å–1).
Co-reporter:Francesco Giacalone, M
a
Ángeles Herranz, Lucia Grüter, M
a
Teresa González, Michel Calame, Christian Schönenberger, Carlos R. Arroyo, Gabino Rubio-Bollinger, Marisela Vélez, Nicolas Agraït and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2007(Issue 46) pp:NaN4856-4856
Publication Date(Web):2007/11/05
DOI:10.1039/B710739K
A new molecular wire suitably functionalized with sulfur atoms at terminal positions and endowed with a central redox active TTF unit has been synthesized and inserted within two atomic-sized Au electrodes; electrical transport measurements have been performed in STM and MCBJ set-ups in a liquid environment and reveal conductance values around 10–2G0 for a single molecule.
Co-reporter:José Santos, Bruno Grimm, Beatriz M. Illescas, Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2008(Issue 45) pp:NaN5995-5995
Publication Date(Web):2008/10/14
DOI:10.1039/B811358K
A highly stable supramolecular complex from C60 and exTTF (Ka ≈ 106 M−1) has been achieved by means of π–π and H-bonding interactions; experimental evidence reveals the formation of a radical–ion pair (τ = 9.3 ps) upon photoexcitation.
Co-reporter:Juan Luis Delgado, Pierre-Antoine Bouit, Salvatore Filippone, M
a
Ángeles Herranz and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2010 - vol. 46(Issue 27) pp:NaN4865-4865
Publication Date(Web):2010/05/25
DOI:10.1039/C003088K
The design of new organic functional molecules able to harvest sun light and efficiently undergo photon to current energy conversion processes is at the forefront of chemical challenges. In this review, the fundamental contribution of chemistry to the multidisciplinary field of organic photovoltaics is presented in a systematic way through the wide variety of organic compounds synthesized to be successfully used in photovoltaic devices.
Co-reporter:Beatriz M. Illescas, José Santos, Mateusz Wielopolski, Carmen M. Atienza, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2009(Issue 36) pp:
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1039/B911028C
Co-reporter:Silke Wolfrum, Julio R. Pinzón, Agustin Molina-Ontoria, Andreas Gouloumis, Nazario Martín, Luis Echegoyen and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2011 - vol. 47(Issue 8) pp:NaN2272-2272
Publication Date(Web):2010/12/15
DOI:10.1039/C0CC04159A
Electron accepting Sc3N@C80 promotes long-range charge transfer events evolving from photoexcited metalloporphyrins to afford radical ion pair states with lifetimes in the range of μs.
Co-reporter:Jean-François Nierengarten, Julien Iehl, Vincent Oerthel, Michel Holler, Beatriz M. Illescas, Antonio Muñoz, Nazario Martín, Javier Rojo, Macarena Sánchez-Navarro, Samy Cecioni, Sébastien Vidal, Kevin Buffet, Maxime Durka and Stéphane P. Vincent
Chemical Communications 2010 - vol. 46(Issue 22) pp:NaN3862-3862
Publication Date(Web):2010/04/23
DOI:10.1039/C0CC00034E
Fullerene hexakis-adducts bearing 12 peripheral carbohydrate moieties have been prepared by grafting sugar derivatives onto the fullerene core through the copper mediated Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes.
Co-reporter:Bruno Grimm, Helena Isla, Emilio M. Pérez, Nazario Martín and Dirk M. Guldi
Chemical Communications 2011 - vol. 47(Issue 26) pp:NaN7451-7451
Publication Date(Web):2011/05/31
DOI:10.1039/C1CC11693B
A macrocyclic exTTF host for fullerenes offers control over the electronic coupling between an electron donor and an acceptor, and stabilizes the charge separated state lifetimes into the range of 500 ps.
Co-reporter:Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2013 - vol. 49(Issue 11) pp:NaN1041-1041
Publication Date(Web):2012/12/20
DOI:10.1039/C2CC35608B
In this viewpoint, the first separation, isolation and characterization of C60 and C70 molecules carried out by Kroto as well as their separation by using non-covalent interactions involving the host–guest concept with cyclodextrins by Wennerstrom are discussed; whereas the first paper described fullerenes as a huge family of new nanoforms of carbon, the second one paved the way to the supramolecular chemistry of fullerenes.
Co-reporter:Enrique E. Maroto, Marta Izquierdo, Michihisa Murata, Salvatore Filippone, Koichi Komatsu, Yasujiro Murata and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2014 - vol. 50(Issue 6) pp:NaN742-742
Publication Date(Web):2013/11/12
DOI:10.1039/C3CC46999A
A complete stereocontrol of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-metalated azomethine ylides onto endohedral fullerene H2@C60 is reported for the first time. The stereodivergent synthesis of either the cis or the trans endohedral cycloadduct is achieved with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
Co-reporter:Javier López-Andarias, Altan Bolag, Christoph Nançoz, Eric Vauthey, Carmen Atienza, Naomi Sakai, Nazario Martín and Stefan Matile
Chemical Communications 2015 - vol. 51(Issue 35) pp:NaN7545-7545
Publication Date(Web):2015/04/07
DOI:10.1039/C5CC01551K
Fullerenes of increasing electron deficiency are designed, synthesized and evaluated in multicomponent surface architectures to ultimately build gradients in LUMO levels with nine components over 350 meV down to −4.22 eV.
Co-reporter:Sara Vidal, Juan Marco-Martínez, Salvatore Filippone and Nazario Martín
Chemical Communications 2017 - vol. 53(Issue 35) pp:NaN4844-4844
Publication Date(Web):2017/04/06
DOI:10.1039/C7CC01267E
[60]Fullerene hybrids have successfully been used as catalysts in hydrogen transfer reactions, namely ketone reduction and N-alkylation with alcohols. Due to their poor solubility in polar solvents, these hybrids behave as homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysts that can be mechanically separated and reused several times while the final products do not need chromatographic separation.