Co-reporter:Shouhai Zhang, Bengui Zhang, Guangfang Zhao and Xigao Jian
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 vol. 2(Issue 9) pp:3083-3091
Publication Date(Web):28 Nov 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3TA14503D
A series of heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing 3,5-dimethyl phthalazinone moieties were synthesized via the copolymerization of 4-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one and 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone. The resulting polymers were brominated with N-bromosuccinimide as the bromination reagent. Brominated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (BPPEK) with a degree of substitution in the range of 0.48–0.82 was obtained. Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membranes (QBPPEK) were prepared from BPPEK membranes with trimethylamine as the amination reagent. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) values of the QBPPEK membranes were in the range of 0.82–1.53 mmol g−1. Compared with Nafion117 membrane, QBPPEK membranes showed much lower vanadium permeability. Coulombic efficiencies of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) with QBPPEK membranes were higher than that with the Nafion117 membrane. The energy efficiency of the VRB increased with an increase in the IEC of the QBPPEK membrane. The energy efficiency of the VRB cell with the QBPPEK membrane having an IEC of 1.53 mmol g−1 was 88%, which was higher than that of the cell with the Nafion117 membrane. During 100 charge–discharge cycles, the QBPPEK anion exchange membrane showed a stable performance.
Co-reporter:Shanshan Guan, Shouhai Zhang, Peng Liu, Guozhen Zhang, Xigao Jian
Applied Surface Science 2014 Volume 295() pp:130-136
Publication Date(Web):15 March 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.016
Highlights
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The effect of the additives on the membrane performance and morphology was studied.
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Composite nanofiltration membranes showed very good chemical stability.
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Sulfonated copoly(phthalazinone biphenyl ether sulfone) was used as the active layer material.
Co-reporter:Li-Ming Dong, Xi-Gao Jian
Chinese Chemical Letters 2014 Volume 25(Issue 4) pp:605-608
Publication Date(Web):April 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.002
A phthalazinone monomer with an allyl group, i.e. 4-(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one, was synthesized and then copolymerized with 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one and 2,6-diflurobenzonitrile by means of aromatic nucleophilic polycondensation to provide a series of crosslinkable poly(aryl ether nitrile)s. The virgin copolymers exhibited good solubility in polar organic solvents with relative high molecular weights (Mw: 45,130–58,403, inherent viscosities: 0.58–0.75 dL/g). After cross-linking, the thermal stability and solvent resistance of the polymer increased.A series of crosslinkable poly(aryl ether nitrile)s were synthesized by introducing 4-(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one. After cross-linking, the thermal stability and solvent resistance of the polymer increased.
Co-reporter:Cheng Liu, Xiuping Li, Shouhai Zhang, Zhen Li, Yang Cao, Xigao Jian
Solid State Ionics 2014 Volume 261() pp:67-73
Publication Date(Web):August 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.ssi.2014.04.013
•20−50% sulfonated polybenzimidazoles (SPPBIs) were synthesized and characterized.•Proton conductivity has been correlated to sulfonation degree and state of water.•Proton conductivity of 1.3 × 10– 2 S/cm was reached at water content of 15.7% at 80 oC.•Methanol permeability was 5.46 × 10– 10−1.27×10– 9 cm2/s increasing with SD.•≥ 93.7% of SPPBI membranes remained in Fenton′s reagent at 80 °C after120 h.A novel series of sulfonated 4-phenyl phthalazinone-based polybenzimidazoles (SPPBIs) were synthesized by solution polycondensation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), 4-(4-(4-(4-carboxyphenoxy)phenyl)-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl) benzoic acid (CPPBC) and 5-sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt (SIPN) in polyphosphoric acid (PPA). Their chemical structures were characterized by NMR, FT-IR and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The inherent viscosities in 98 wt.% H2SO4 were in the range of 1.49–1.78 dL/g. The SPPBIs exhibited good solubility in polar aprotic organic solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrolidinone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The membranes were prepared by solution casting technique using DMSO as solvent. The SPPBI polymers showed excellent thermal stability, and their membranes displayed low water uptake, low swelling ratio, good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to oxidation. The SPPBI membranes had unexpected low methanol permeability (5.46 × 10− 10– 1.27 × 10− 9 cm2/s). They exhibited high conductivities in the range of 4.8 × 10− 3 S/cm to 1.3 × 10− 2 S/cm at 80 °C and from 2.3 × 10− 3 S/cm to 8.5 × 10− 3 S/cm at 20 °C.
Co-reporter:Shouhai Zhang, Bengui Zhang, Dongbo Xing and Xigao Jian
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013 vol. 1(Issue 39) pp:12246-12254
Publication Date(Web):12 Aug 2013
DOI:10.1039/C3TA11541K
Poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) anion exchange membranes with pyridinium as anion exchange groups (PyPPEKK) were prepared by reacting chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) membranes with pyridine in solution. The reaction conditions including diluent solvents, pyridine concentration, reaction time and temperature were investigated. Under the optimized reaction condition, PyPPEKK anion exchange membranes with IEC values in the range of 0.96–1.55 mmol g−1 and water uptake in the range of 10.2–16.5% were obtained. The swelling ratio of PyPPEKK membranes in deionized water and VOSO4 solution were in the range of 3.2–10.6% and 2.5–7.8%, respectively. PyPPEKK membranes showed good chemical stability in VO2+ solution. Notably, PyPPEKK membranes had higher coulombic efficiencies of VRB and much lower vanadium permeability compared with Nafion117 membrane. The energy efficiency of VRB with PyPPEKK membrane reached 83.6% at 80 mA cm−2 while the energy efficiency of VRB with Nafion117 membrane was 80.7% at the same charge–discharge current density. Furthermore, PyPPEKK membrane exhibited good performance in the 100-cycle charge–discharge VRB test.
Co-reporter:Xiuping Li, Cheng Liu, Shouhai Zhang, Lishuai Zong, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2013 442() pp: 160-167
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.044
Co-reporter:Bengui Zhang, Shouhai Zhang, Dongbo Xing, Runlin Han, Chunxiang Yin, Xigao Jian
Journal of Power Sources 2012 Volume 217() pp:296-302
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.027
To develop cost-effective membranes with low permeability of vanadium ions for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) application, an inexpensive precursor membrane material, chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone), is first prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) with nitrobenzene as the solvent, and then reacted with trimethylamine to form quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) (QAPPEKK) anion exchange membranes. At an ion exchange capacity of 1.56 mmol g−1, the QAPPEKK membrane shows much lower permeability of vanadium ions (0.17 × 10−4 cm min−1 for V3+ and 0.21 × 10−4 cm min−1 for VO2+) than that of Nafion117 membrane (1.34 × 10−4 cm min−1 for V3+ and 1.19 × 10−4 cm min−1 for VO2+), resulting in higher coulombic efficiency (99.4% at 80 mA cm−2). In addition, the energy efficiency of the VRB with QAPPEKK membrane is comparable to that of VRB with Nafion117 membrane. Moreover, the QAPPEKK membrane is stable in VO2+ electrolyte, and exhibits good performance in the 100-cycle charge-discharge test of VRB.Highlights► CMPPEKK was first prepared with nitrobenzene as solvent. ► QAPPEKK membrane showed low vanadium ions permeability. ► QAPPEKK membrane in VRB showed high columbic efficiency. ► QAPPEKK membrane was stable in VO2+ electrolyte. ► QAPPEKK membrane showed stable performance in VRB cycling test.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Xiuping Li, Jinyan Wang, Xigao Jian and Chunyue Pan
Polymer Chemistry 2012 vol. 3(Issue 4) pp:1024-1032
Publication Date(Web):06 Feb 2012
DOI:10.1039/C2PY00417H
Phthalazinone rigid-rod networks with excellent thermostability have been prepared by the polyaddition of an unsymmetrical phthalonitrile-functional phthalazinone, namely 4-(4-(4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl)phthalonitrile (5) in the presence of promoting agents. 5 was readily prepared via nucleophilic displacement of 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (1) with 4-nitrophthalonitrile (3) under mild conditions. The substitution of N–H in phthalazinone was accomplished via a novel N–C coupling reaction in an essentially quantitative yield, confirmed by spectroscopic studies as well as a model reaction of 4-(4-tolyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (2). Green prepolymers (7a–7c) were obtained by the polymerization of 5 in its melt phase with the charge of aromatic diamines (6a–6c), and with concurrent cyclization a mixture of poly(iminoisoindolenine) oligomers was produced. The obtained amorphous 7a–7c show Tgs ranging from 180 to 190 °C depending on the amine nature. Both 5 and 7a–7c have a non-coplanar conformation and exhibit sufficiently good solubility in common solvents (e.g., DMSO, DMF, DMAc, NMP, CHCl3, etc.), and hence can be processed either from their melt or from solution. The insoluble networks (8a–8c) prepared by direct curing of 5 or by post-curing of 7a–7c exhibit excellent thermal properties together with superior long-term thermo-oxidative stabilities.
Co-reporter:Lijie Hu, Shouhai Zhang, Runlin Han, Xigao Jian
Applied Surface Science 2012 Volume 258(Issue 22) pp:9047-9053
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.05.153
Abstract
Novel thermally stable composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared from piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on poly (phthalazione ether nitrile ketone) (PPENK) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes by interfacial polymerization. The effects of monomers concentration, reaction time and organic solvents on the performance of composite membranes were investigated. The effects of operating pressure and the salt solution concentration on the performance of composite membranes were also discussed. The different salts rejection of PPENK composite membranes decreased in the order of Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > Al2(SO4)3 > NaCl > MgCl2, which indicated a negative charge at the membrane surface. The flux and Na2SO4 rejection of PPENK composite membranes reached 57.9 L/m2 h and 98.4% under the optimized conditions and operating pressure of 1.0 MPa. Furthermore, the morphology and chemical structure of membranes were examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. Moreover, the thermal stability of PPENK NF membranes was also investigated. When temperature of the feed solution raised from 20 °C to 80 °C, the permeation flux increased about four times without significant change of rejection. The flux increased first then reached a plateau and the rejection kept constant when PPENK NF membranes in boiling de-ionized water were boiled to 3 h.
Co-reporter:Cheng Liu, Jinyan Wang, Encheng Lin, Lishuai Zong, Xigao Jian
Polymer Degradation and Stability 2012 Volume 97(Issue 3) pp:460-468
Publication Date(Web):March 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.11.001
Three novel series of soluble and curable phthalonitrile-terminated oligomeric poly(ether imide)s containing phthalazinone moiety were synthesized from an excess amount of three dianhydrides and phthalazinone-based diamine, followed by reacting with 4-(3-aminophenoxy)phthalonitrile (APPh) in a two-step, one-pot reaction, respectively. The phthalonitrile oligomers containing phthalazinone moiety were cured in the presence of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). The oligomers and the crosslinked polymers were characterized by DSC, FT-IR and elemental analysis. These phthalonitrile oligomers containing phthalazinone groups were found to be soluble in some aprotic solvents, such as chloroform, pyridine, m-cresol and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The crosslinked polymers were insoluble in all solvents. The thermal properties of the oligomers and the crosslinked polymers were evaluated using DSC and TGA analysis. The phthalonitrile oligomers showed high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 214–256 °C and high decomposition temperatures with 10% weight loss (Td10%) ranging from 523 to 553 °C. The crosslinked polymers showed excellent thermal stability with the 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 543 to 595 °C, but did not exhibit a glass transition temperature upon heating to 350 °C.
Co-reporter:Jinyan Wang;Guanghui Li;Mingshan Zhao
Polymer International 2012 Volume 61( Issue 5) pp:711-718
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pi.3226
Abstract
A series of novel photo-crosslinkable fluorinated poly(phthalazinone ether)s containing 1,1-diphenylethylene segments in the polymer main chain, used for optical waveguide materials, were synthesized by polycondensation reaction of decafluorobiphenyl with a mixture of 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (DHPZ), 4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (BHPE) as co-reactant. The feed ratio of DHPZ to total bisphenols varied from 0 to 80 mol%, while that of BHPE remained at 20 mol% for all polymers. The obtained copolymers show good solubility in some common polar organic solvents. The resulting polymers were photo-crosslinked after UV irradiation for 10 min in the presence of a photoinitiator. The cured polymers show good chemical resistance, high thermal stability (temperatures of 1% mass loss after curing of 472–496 °C under nitrogen) and high glass transition temperatures (160–249 °C) which could be further increased by about 10 °C after photochemical crosslinking. By adjusting the copolymerizing bisphenol content, the refractive indices of transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes (at 1550 nm) of films of the polymers were exactly tuned in the range 1.5029–1.5661 and 1.4950–1.5502, respectively. The propagation losses of the cured films were measured and found to be less than 0.3 dB cm−1 at 1550 nm, indicating the promise of these materials for passive optical waveguide devices. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Co-reporter:Shou-hai Zhang;Juan Zhou;Xi-gao Jian 蹇锡高
Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2012 Volume 30( Issue 4) pp:511-519
Publication Date(Web):2012 July
DOI:10.1007/s10118-012-1129-z
Sulfonated poly(ether ketone)s containing 3,5-dimethyl phthalazinone moieties (SPPEK-DMs) with different degrees of sulfonation (DS) were synthesized via direct polycondensation from 4-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-phthalazinone, 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone and 3,3′-disulfonate-4,4′-difluorobenzophenone. The chemical structure of SPPEK-DMs was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR. Thermal stability of SPPEK-DMs was characterized by the thermogravimetric analysis. The membranes prepared from SPPEK-DMs exhibited ion exchange capacities (IEC) ranging from 0.93 mmol·g−1 to 1.86 mmol·g−1. Water uptake, swelling, oxidative stability and methanol permeability of SPPEKDMs membranes were investigated. SPPEK-DMs membranes exhibited high oxidative stability. The methanol permeability values of SPPEK-DMs membranes were in the range 5.15 × 10−8–6.61 × 10−7 cm2·s−1, which was much lower than those of Nafion117. The proton conductivity of SPPEK-DM40 membranes was 1.1 × 10−2 S·cm−1 at 70°C.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu;Cheng Liu;Bing Li;Liwei Wang;Jinyan Wang
Journal of Polymer Research 2012 Volume 19( Issue 3) pp:
Publication Date(Web):2012 March
DOI:10.1007/s10965-012-9829-1
The effect of the incorporation of phenyl-s-triazine units into the main chain of phthalazinone-based polyether sulfones on initial decomposition temperature, activation energy, thermal-mechanical property and possible degradation mechanism has been investigated. To this purpose, decomposition of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone phenyl-s-triazine) copolymers (PPESPs) of different monomer compositions have been studied by utilizing thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Non-isothermal experiments under nitrogen were performed, and the apparent activation energy (Ea) was calculated by isoconversional and conversional methods including the methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Friedman and Kissinger. In the conversion range (5–30%) studied, solid-state decomposition process of PPESPs is found to be a mechanism involving phase boundary controlled reaction (Ea: 189–201 kJ mol−1) except that phenyl-s-triazine-rich copolymers exhibit a mechanism involving three-dimensional diffusion (Ea: 196–225 kJ mol−1) in terms of Coats–Redfern method. The phenyl-s-triazine-rich copolymers display much higher Ea and slighter mechanical property-change compared to sulfone-rich copolymers and generic aromatic polyether sulfone, suggesting strong stabilizing effect of the phenyl-s-triazine moieties.
Co-reporter:Xiuping Li, Cheng Liu, Shouhai Zhang, Guipeng Yu, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2012 s 423–424() pp: 128-135
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.005
Co-reporter:Jin-Yan Wang;Ming-Xia Lv;Yan Kou
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 2012 Volume 9( Issue 3) pp:309-315
Publication Date(Web):2012 May
DOI:10.1007/s11998-011-9369-3
A UV-curable solvent-free antifouling coating formulated by a novel epoxy methacrylate-containing phthalazinone moiety with reactive diluents and photoinitiator and non-toxic N-vanillylnonanamide as antifoulant was prepared. First, the basic performance of the cured films obtained was evaluated using Chinese National Standards. This environmentally friendly antifouling coating has excellent physical properties, with a pencil hardness of above 5H, an adhesion of grade 1, impact strength above 45 cm, and good resistance to alkali and salt but not acid. Then antifouling evaluation was carried out by the leaching rate of antifoulant, and by immersing samples in natural sea water, respectively. The results from the leaching rate of N-vanillylnonanamide from the antifouling coating shows that the release rate of 45 μg/m2 day of the coating with 15% antifoulant is steady after a slight decrease, and this coating can effectively prevent marine organisms attaching for 6 months, which is also evidenced by field tests in natural sea water.
Co-reporter:Cheng Liu, Xiuping Li, Jing Xu, Xigao Jian
European Polymer Journal 2011 Volume 47(Issue 9) pp:1852-1860
Publication Date(Web):September 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.06.018
A novel series of homo- and copoly(phthalazinone benzimidazole)s were synthesized from various stoichiometric mixtures of 4-(4-(4-(4-carboxyphenoxy)phenyl)-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl)benzoic acid (CPPBC) and isophthalic acid (IPA) with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) by solution polycondensation in polyphosphoric acid (PPA). The structures of the obtained polymers were characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The obtained polybenzimidazoles were found to be soluble in aprotic polar solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrolidinone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and m-cresol, without the addition of inorganic salts. The inherent viscosities of the polybenzimidazoles were in the range of 1.10–2.05 dL/g. All of the polymers show amorphous nature as evaluated by WAXD. These polymers have high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 398–408 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibit that these polybenzimidazoles containing 4-phenyl phthalazinone moiety have excellent thermal stability with the temperatures for 5% and 10% weight loss of the polymers ranging from 516 to 594 °C and 560 to 672 °C, respectively.Graphical abstractHighlights► A novel series of polybenzimidazoles containing non-coplanar 4-phenyl phthalazinone moiety have been synthesized. ► The inherent viscosities of the polybenzimidazoles were in the range of 1.10 to 2.05 dL/g. ► They have good solubility in polar aprotic solvents. ► They exhibit excellent thermal stability and high glass transition temperatures.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Guanghui Li, Jinyan Wang, Xigao Jian
Thermochimica Acta 2011 Volume 514(1–2) pp:51-57
Publication Date(Web):20 February 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.tca.2010.12.002
Thermal degradation of phthalazinone-based poly(aryl ether sulfone 1,3,5-triazine) copolymers (PPESTs) has been investigated under nitrogen flow in dynamic heating conditions. Model-free kinetic approaches were applied to data for decomposition processes of PPESTs with different molecular structure. The activation energy was calculated as a function of the degradation extent by using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Vyazovkin method. The effect of polymer composition and structure on the characteristic temperatures and kinetic parameters of thermal degradation was also investigated. The replacement of sulfone by 1,3,5-triazine in polymer main chain significantly increases initial decomposition temperature and Ea, and its stabilizing effect may be explained by the existence of two-stage decomposition process that suppresses unzipping of the copolymers. This assumption is supported by the experimental fact that the complete replacement of sulfone by 1,3,5-triazine increases the initial decomposition temperature by 31 °C and Ea by at least 57 kJ/mol according to Vyazovkin method.Highlights▶ Incorporation of 1,3,5-triazine enhances overall thermal stability. ▶ Vyazovkin method is a useful evaluation in the degradation study of copolymers with different molecular structure. ▶ The stabilizing effect of 1,3,5-triazine may be explained by the existence of two-stage decomposition process.
Co-reporter:Hong-xin Zhou;Cheng Liu 刘程;Jin-yan Wang
Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2011 Volume 29( Issue 6) pp:
Publication Date(Web):2011 November
DOI:10.1007/s10118-011-1085-z
A series of poly(aryl ether sulfone ketone)s containing phthalazinone and biphenyl moieties were synthesized by aromatic nucleophilic displacement polycondensation of 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (DHPZ), 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone (DCB), 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (DCS) and 4,4′-biphenol (BP) in different molar ratios. The obtained copolymers were characterized by different instrumental techniques (FTIR, TGA, DSC, WAXD, etc.). The inherent viscosities of these polymers were in the range of 0.43–0.56 dL g−1. They were amorphous and had good solubility in polar aprotic organic solvents. The copolymers exhibited high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) between 225°C and 256°C and excellent thermal stability up to 517–526°C (thermal decomposition temperatures for 5% weight loss, Td, 5%) in nitrogen. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the polymers ranged from 63 MPa to 71 MPa and from 18% to 21%, respectively. The processability of the material was effectively improved by the introduction of biphenyl group into polymer backbone.
Co-reporter:Runlin Han, Shouhai Zhang, Lijie Hu, Shanshan Guan, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2011 370(1–2) pp: 91-96
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.048
Co-reporter:Junnan Han, Daling Yang, Shouhai Zhang, Xuyang Liu, Zhiwei Zhang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2010 Volume 365(1–2) pp:311-318
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.022
Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) (PPES) ultrafiltration(UF) membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvents. Four non-solvent additives (NSAs) having different affinity with the cosolvent THF, in terms of ethylene glycol methyl ether (EGME), diethelene glycol (DegOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL), were used to adjust morphologies and separation performances of the PPES membranes. It was shown that the compatibility difference of components in the mixed solvent system might have an important influence on the final performance of PPES fibers. The compatibility difference of the components in the mixed solvent system had been proved by the measurement of PPES intrinsic viscosity with different NSA approaching ratios in the polymer solution. And the compatibility difference of the components in the polymer solution had been evaluated by the analysis of the solubility parameter theory. The bigger compatibility difference of components in the mixed solvent system and the lower diffusion coefficient of NSA in the quenching water bath were benefit for the formation of membrane with a high molecule weight cut-off (MWCO).Research highlights▶ It was shown that the compatibility difference of components in the mixed solvent system might have an important influence on the final performance of PPES fibers. ▶ The compatibility difference of the components in the polymer solution had been evaluated by the analysis of the solubility parameter theory. ▶ This paper attempts to provide new insight on the preparation of membrane with high MWCO.
Co-reporter:Dongbo Xing, Shouhai Zhang, Chunxiang Yin, Bengui Zhang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2010 Volume 354(1–2) pp:68-73
Publication Date(Web):15 May 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.02.064
Two kinds of anion exchange membranes with different amine functional groups are prepared from chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) with different amine agents. Effects of amination process such as amination time, amination temperature and species of amination medium on the membranes ion exchange capacity (IEC), water content (Wc), VO2+ ions permeability (Ks) and area resistance (R) are investigated. With the increasing of amination time, temperature and concentration, IEC and Wc of membranes increase, R decreases. And anion exchange membrane functionalized by trimethylamine has better comprehensive properties (IEC = 1.69 mmol g−1, Wc = 28%, Ks = 2.79 × 10−5 cm min−1 and R = 0.53 Ω cm2). Applying to all-vanadium redox flow battery, energy efficiency (EE) of the membrane reaches 87.9%. Using ethylenediamine/trimethylamine as the amination reagent, the membrane performs good water stability and vanadium ions selectivity (Wc = 22%, Ks = 4.3 × 10−6 cm min−1, IEC = 1.40 mmol g−1, R = 1.00 Ω cm2 and EE = 83.4%). Compared with Nafion-112, Nafion-117 membrane, quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) anion exchange membranes exhibit higher energy efficiency and better vanadium selectivity.
Co-reporter:Runlin Han, Shouhai Zhang, Daling Yang, Yutian Wang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2010 Volume 358(1–2) pp:142-149
Publication Date(Web):15 August 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.04.042
Novel copoly (phthalazinone ether sulfone) (PPBES) UF membranes with excellent performance were prepared with phase inversion method. The types of solvent, the effects of PPBES concentration, EGME concentration and coagulation temperature on the morphologies and performances of UF membrane were investigated in detail. The structures of the membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). With the increase of EGME concentration in the casting solution, the morphologies of the UF membrane changed from finger-like structure to sponge-like structure. The thermal stability of the PPBES UF membranes prepared in this work was investigated with Sulfur Black B dye solution. When the temperature of feed solution was raised from 20 to 95 °C, the permeation flux increased more than three times while the rejection change was not observed.
Co-reporter:Runlin Han, Shouhai Zhang, Dongbo Xing, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2010 Volume 358(1–2) pp:1-6
Publication Date(Web):15 August 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.03.036
Copoly(phthalazinone biphenyl ether sulfone) (PPBES) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with low molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) possesses excellent thermal resistance and it is suitable to be utilized in dye wastewater treatment at high temperature. The rejection of polyethylene glycol (PEG1000) of the membrane was 100% while the flux was 232 L/m2 h at 20 °C and 0.2 MPa. It was showed that the rejections of NaCl and Na2SO4 were both 0%. The rejections of Congo Red (Direct Dye), Sulfur Black B (Sulfur Dye) and Gentian Violet (Anionic Dye) were all 100% while the rejections of C. I. Reactive Yellow 86 (Reactive Dye), C. I. Disperse Red 73 (Disperse Dye) and Acid Chrome Blue K (Cationic Dye) were 79%, 54% and 43%, respectively. The fluxes of the membrane during treatment were all higher than 87 L/m2 h at 20 °C and 0.2 MPa except for C. I. Disperse Red 73. Effect of inorganic salt concentration on membrane performance was investigated. Thermal resistance of the membrane was also evaluated with Sulfur Black B. It was found that the flux increased 4.5 times while the rejection did not decline when the operation temperature was raised from 20 °C to 95 °C. The membrane ran 20 h at 90 °C without the membrane performance decline which showed that the membrane had good thermal resistance.
Co-reporter:Shouhai Zhang, Chunxiang Yin, Dongbo Xing, Daling Yang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2010 Volume 363(1–2) pp:243-249
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.07.046
Chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (CMPPEK) was prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether ketone), with chloromethyl methyl ether (CME) as the chlromethylating reagent and concentrated sulfuric acid as the solvent. The effects of CME quantity, reaction temperature, and reaction time on degree of chloromethylation (DCM) were investigated. CMPPEK with DCM ranging from 0.73 to 2.32 mmol g−1 were obtained. CMPPEK were characterized with 1H NMR and TGA. CMPPEK membranes were prepared from CMPPEK/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone casting solutions. Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (QAPPEK) anion exchange membranes were prepared from CMPPEK membranes with different DCM. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) and water content (Wc) of QAPPEK membranes were studied. QAPPEK membranes exhibited IEC ranging from 0.70 to 2.04 mmol g−1 and Wc ranging from 12.9 to 52.3%. IEC and Wc of QAPPEK increased with an increase in DCM of CMPPEK. The vanadium ion permeability of QAPPEK membranes was much lower than that of Nafion117 membrane. The performance of vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) single cell with QAPPEK membranes was investigated. Compare to VRB cell with Nafion117 membrane, the VRB single cell with QAPPEK membranes exhibited higher columbic efficiency. The results show that QAPPEK membranes could be promising anion exchange membranes for VRB applications.Research highlights▶ Preparation of chloromethylated/quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membranes. ▶ Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membranes show low vanadium ion permeability and high columbic efficiency. ▶ Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) membranes could be promising anion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Jinyan Wang, Xiuping Li, Xigao Jian
Polymer Degradation and Stability 2010 Volume 95(Issue 12) pp:2445-2452
Publication Date(Web):December 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.011
A novel series of aromatic s-triazine-containing ring-chain polymers, which typically require high pressures to produce, were prepared by the bulk polymerization of low-melting bis(ether nitrile)s (BENs) with or without the presence of terephthalonitrile (TPH) in the catalysis of ZnCl2 under normal pressure. Four kinds of BENs were readily synthesized by the nucleophilic displacement reaction of 4-chlorobenzonitrile with commercially available aromatic bisphenols or bisphenol-like monomers. Chemical structure of the obtained BENs and their polymers was characterized by FT-IR, WAXD and elemental analysis. Conversion studies indicate that cyano concentration, mobility and reactivity are all important factors for the polymerization, while among of them the cyano reactivity plays a dominant role. The addition of a small mount of TPH is found to be effective in promoting s-triazine forming reaction of the BENs. The synthesized polymers are insoluble, and exhibit good chemical-resistant property towards strong acids and bases together with good hydrolysis-resistant property. No detectable endothermic inflection for glass transitions is observed in the DSC traces of all polymers up to 450 °C, and the polymers exhibit excellent thermal stability with decomposition temperatures for 5% mass-loss ranging from 493–540 °C. All these attracting properties make the s-triazine-containing ring-chain polymers good candidates as matrixes for high performance polymeric materials.
Co-reporter:Qi Feng Jin, Gong Xiong Liao, Shi Jun Yu, Xi Gao Jian
Chinese Chemical Letters 2010 Volume 21(Issue 8) pp:973-975
Publication Date(Web):August 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2010.03.005
Trimethoxysilyl-functionalized PPEK (PKGS) films had been designed to serve as wear resistant coatings for silicon surfaces. These surface films were formed by a dip-coating technique applied to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The formation and wetting behavior of PKGS films were characterized by means of contact angle measurement. The friction coefficient of the film prepared is very low (about 0.1), and the anti-wear behavior is good, with a lack of failure after sliding over 1800 s.
Co-reporter:Guanghui Li, Jinyan Wang, Su Guixian, Xigao Jian, Linghua Wang and Mingshan Zhao
Polymer Journal 2010 42(11) pp:880-886
Publication Date(Web):2010-11-01
DOI:10.1038/pj.2010.85
A series of novel fluorinated crosslinkable poly(phthalazinone ether)s bearing tetrafluorostyrene groups (FSt-FPPEs) was prepared by polycondensation from 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-phthalazin-1(2 H)-one (DHPZ), decafluorobiphenyl, 4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (6F-BPA) and pentafluorostyrene (FSt) for optical waveguide applications. The obtained polymers exhibited good solubility in common organic solvents and could be easily cast into optical-quality thin films. The resulting polymers could be thermally crosslinked either at 160 °C in the presence of a free radical initiator dicumyl peroxide under vacuum or at 280 °C in the absence of any initiator under vacuum. The polymers had high glass transition temperatures in the range 164–269 °C, which could be further increased by about 10 °C on thermal crosslinking. The crosslinked polymers had good thermal stabilities (the temperatures of 1% mass loss after curing ranged from 478 to 490 °C) and high glass transition temperatures. The crosslinked polymer films also exhibited good optical properties. By adjusting the feed ratio of the reactants, the refractive indices of transverse electronic and transverse magnetic modes (at 1550 nm) could be controlled well in the range of 1.4952–1.5625 and 1.4924–1.5538, respectively. The optical losses of the crosslinked polymers were rather low, <0.3 dB cm−1 at 1550 nm.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Jinyan Wang, Guanghui Li, Yongjin Han, Xigao Jian
Polymer 2010 Volume 51(Issue 1) pp:100-109
Publication Date(Web):6 January 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.017
A novel series of phthalazinone-based poly(arylene ether nitrile)s bearing terminal cyano groups via N–C linkages (PPEN-DCs) were synthesized by a simple solution polycondensation of 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (HPPZ) with calculated 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN), followed by the termination of 4-chlorobenzonitrile (CBN). The Mns of oligomeric PPEN-DCs, which are in the range of 1600–6200, can be well-controlled by adjusting reactant ratio. The incorporation of phthalazinone into the polymer chain results in an improvement in the solubility and glass transition temperatures (Tgs). The amorphous PPEN-DCs were thermally crosslinked to afford insoluble products in the presence of terephthalonitrile and zinc chloride. The pendant cyano groups in the polymer chain hardly undergo any crosslinking or cyclization, while the terminal cyano groups with nitrogen-bridged phthalazinone in the para-substitution are much more reactive in s-triazine forming reaction and effectively promote certain crosslinking under normal pressure. Tgs of the oligomers, which range from 245 to 269 °C, could be further increased at least by 94 °C upon thermal curing. The crosslinked samples exhibit excellent thermal stability and absorb less than 2.7 wt% water after exposure to an aqueous environment for extended periods. This kind of cyano-terminated poly(arylene ether nitrile)s may be a good candidate as matrix resins for high-performance polymeric materials.
Co-reporter:Junzhi Zhang;Jinyan Wang;Linghua Wang
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 2010 Volume 56( Issue 2) pp:197-202
Publication Date(Web):2010 November
DOI:10.1007/s10971-010-2294-6
Colorless and transparent polysilisiquioxane was synthesized using non-hydrolytic sol–gel process. A high degree of poly-condensation and a lower remnant ratio of Si–OCH3 were calculated by 29Si NMR and 1H NMR, respectively. After spin-coating, subsequently UV and thermal curing, free-cracked thin films were obtained. The properties of the free-cracked thin films were measured by a prism coupler and thermal analysis system. The refractive index increased to 1.5495 (1,310 nm TE) and 1.5468 (1,550 nm TE), respectively, with the increasing of phenyltrimethoxysilane content to 20 mol%. Birefringence was below 0.0005. The thermo-optic coefficient was about −2.8 × 10−4 °C−1. The optical loss was 0.20 dB cm−1 at 1,310 nm and 0.75 dB cm−1 at 1,550 nm, which was very important for core layer material of optical waveguide. The results of Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis indicated an excellent thermal stability. All of these properties imply that it will be a promising core layer material of optical waveguide.
Co-reporter:Guanghui Li, Jinyan Wang, Guipeng Yu, Xigao Jian, Linghua Wang, Mingshan Zhao
Polymer 2010 Volume 51(Issue 6) pp:1524-1529
Publication Date(Web):11 March 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.035
It is necessary to introduce cross-linkable groups onto polymer chains as the processability and thermal stability of the polymers for passive waveguide device applications are very dependent on their cross-linking capabilities. Herein a series of novel cross-linkable allyl-containing fluorinated poly(phthalazinone ether)s (Allyl-FPPEs) have been prepared by a modified polycondensation of 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (DHPZ), decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP), 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (6F-BPA), and 3,3′-diallyl-4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DA-DHBP) for optical waveguide applications. The obtained random polymers were characterized by FT-IR, NMR and GPC. The resulting polymers having good solubility in polar organic solvents at room temperature, can be easily spin-coated into thin films with attracting optical quality, good thermal stabilities (the temperatures of 1% mass-loss after curing: 455–503 °C), and high glass transition temperatures (Tgs: 167–251 °C) which could further increase by about 20 °C after thermal cross-linking. The crosslinked polymer films exhibit good optical properties. By adjusting the feed ratio of the reactants, the refractive indices of TE and TM modes (at 1550 nm) could be well controlled in the range of 1.4998–1.5618 and 1.4954–1.5520, respectively. The optical losses of the crosslinked polymers possess rather low values, less than 0.3 dB/cm at 1550 nm.
Co-reporter:Chunrui Wu, Shouhai Zhang, Daling Yang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2009 Volume 326(Issue 2) pp:429-434
Publication Date(Web):20 January 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2008.10.033
A thermal stable composite membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on poly(phthalazinone ether amide) (PPEA) ultrafiltration membrane. The effect of reaction parameters on the performance of composite membranes was studied and optimized. The surface morphologies of the composite membrane and the substrate were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The rejection of optimized composite membrane for dyes Congo red (CGR) and Acid chrome blue K (ACBK), the molecular weight (MW) of which is over 400, was over 99.2%, with a flux at about 180 L m−2 h−1. While the rejection for NaCl was only 18.2% with a flux over 270 L m−2 h−1, when tested at 1.0 MPa 60 °C. The composite membrane was applied in the desalination-purification experiment of dye ACBK and NaCl mixed solution. The flux of the membrane increased obviously as the operation pressure and/or temperature increased, while the rejection for dye was constant and kept over 99.3%. The purification experiments were accomplished effectively at 1.0 MPa, 80 °C. Only after five rounds of desalination-concentration experiment, about 160 min, the salt mixed in dye solution was fully removed. The initial flux of the eighth cycle was about 254 L m−2 h−1, which was only 20 L m−2 h−1 lower than that of the first round. The rejection of the membrane was constant and kept over 99.3% through out the eight cycles of purification experiment.
Co-reporter:Junnan Han, Daling Yang, Shouhai Zhang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2009 Volume 345(1–2) pp:257-266
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2009.09.008
Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) (PPES) hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were successfully prepared by the phase inversion method using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvents. Ethylene glycol methyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol (DegOH) were selected as the non-solvent additives (NSA) to adjust morphologies and separation performances of the PPES membranes. Thermodynamics of the PPES/(NMP/THF)/NSA system was studied by means of the phase separation diagram. Flux of the PPES hollow fibers prepared without additives decreased greatly when the ratio of NMP/THF was lowered in the casting solution, and the rejection of polyethylene glycol4000 (PEG4000) was very high. Introduction of the additives into the casting system significantly changed the membrane performance on rejections of PEGs. When DegOH was used as an additive and the approaching ratio was 0.6 in the casting solution, flux of the membranes prepared from the solvent system NMP/THF (8:2) was 410 L/(m2 h), and the rejection of polyethylene glycol20,000 (PEG20,000) was about 98.3%. When EGME as additive and the approaching ratio as 0.4 with NMP/THF (8:2) used, flux of the membrane was 315 L/(m2 h), and the rejection of polyethylene glycol10,000 (PEG10,000) was about 98.7%.
Co-reporter:Runlin Han, Shouhai Zhang, Cheng Liu, Yutian Wang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2009 Volume 345(1–2) pp:5-12
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.052
PPESK is of particular interest in the fabrication of UF membrane for its considerable mechanical strength, thermal stability and chemical resistance. However, its use in aqueous phase is restricted due to its hydrophobicity. NaA zeolite is one of most hydrophilic inorganic material with low atom ratio of Si:Al (1:1) and big channel diameter and good comprehensive performance which may have the potential to improve the properties of PPESK. Composite ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with entrapped NaA zeolite particles were prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK). The membranes were prepared with phase inversion process and were characterized by UF experiments and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. At 3 wt.% NaA content, the composite membranes held excellent water permeability, hydrophilicity and good antifouling ability with enhanced retentions. Higher NaA content (than 3 wt.%) caused a particle aggregation to some extent according to the cross-section and external surface morphology. However, the excess incorporation of the zeolite particles did not cause decline of membrane performance according to the UF experiments. Antifouling performance was tested with resistance-in-series Model and flux decline in Titan Yellow dye solution. Thermal analysis (DSC) was performed in order to investigate the interactions between NaA particles and PPESK. PPESK UF membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and high flux were obtained by adjusting the polymer concentration. It was concluded that the membrane prepared in our laboratory had better performance than two kinds of commercial UF membranes.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Jinyan Wang, Tiesheng Gu, Xigao Jian
Polymer Degradation and Stability 2009 Volume 94(Issue 7) pp:1053-1060
Publication Date(Web):July 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.003
Soluble and heat-resistant s-triazine-containing poly(aryl ether)s have been prepared for their potent utilities as high-temperature membranes and composite matrix materials. They have been synthesized by the nucleophilic displacement polymerization of 2,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (BFPT) with each of resorcinol (RS), 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone (DS), and bisphenol-like 4-(4-hydroxylphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (HP). The presence of meta-ether linkages, sulfone groups or phthalazinone moieties in the polymer chain results in an improvement in the solubility of s-triazine-containing poly(aryl ether)s in common organic solvents (e.g., N,N′-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone). The new polymers are amorphous and exhibit excellent thermal stability. The apparent activation energy values (Ea) as determined by using Kissinger method are respectively 268.1, 245.9 and 215.1 kJ/mol under N2 flow in dynamic heating conditions, for the first degradation stage of RS-PE, DS-PE and HP-PE, which are in well agreement with those values (272.6, 249.9 and 239.1 kJ/mol) determined by using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The thermal stability classification among the polymers is made on the basis of the Ea values, and it follows the decreasing order: RS-PE > DS-PE > HP-PE. The properties of these polymers have been also compared with those of corresponding poly(aryl ether)s.
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Jinyan Wang, Chunbo Chu, Xigao Jian
Polymer Degradation and Stability 2009 Volume 94(Issue 11) pp:2065-2071
Publication Date(Web):November 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.010
A novel series of soluble and heat-resistant copoly(arylene ether phenyl-s-triazine)s (PAEPs) have been prepared for their potent utilities as structural coatings, high-temperature membranes or adhesives. The copolymers have been synthesized via the nucleophilic displacement polymerization of 2,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (BFPT) with various ratios of hydroquinone (HQ) and resorcinol (RS). A key feature of these copolymers is the incorporation of multiply meta-ether linkages in the polymer chain, which results in an improvement in the solubility of poly(arylene ether phenyl-s-triazine)s in common organic solvents (e.g., N,N’-dimethylacetamide, N,N’-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone). The new random copolymers exhibit high glass transitions exceeding 241 °C and excellent thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities associating with decomposition temperatures for 5% mass-loss in excess of 531 °C. These copolymers can be easily cast into tough, clear and creasable films and exhibit good mechanical properties. All copolymers are amorphous except PAEP9010 as evidenced by WAXD. Their solubility increases with an increase in meta-ether linkage content in the polymer backbone, while the crystallinity and the overall thermal stability appear to decrease slightly. This kind of phenyl-s-triazine-based poly(arylene ether) copolymers may be considered a good candidate for using as high-performance polymeric materials.
Co-reporter:Runlin Han, Shouhai Zhang, Weiying Zhao, Xiaodan Li, Xigao Jian
Separation and Purification Technology 2009 Volume 67(Issue 1) pp:26-30
Publication Date(Web):18 May 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.006
Two kinds of nanofiltration (NF) membranes were investigated in treating the Sulfur Black B dye wastewater. Negatively charged polypiperazine amide/poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PIP/PPESK) NF membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization method while positively charged quaternized poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (QAPPESK) membrane was prepared by phase inversion method. QAPPESK NF membrane was selected for further study because it performed higher dye rejection and flux compared with the PIP/PPESK NF membrane. The effects of different operation conditions were systematically studied based on the rejection and desalination of the dye. Over 14.5 L/m2 h flux, 92.3% dye rejection and 10% salts rejection were observed in the long term operation at 60 °C which indicated that the QAPPESK membranes could be successfully applied in the sulfur black dye wastewater treatment and inorganic salts reuse.
Co-reporter:Xuebin Feng;Gongxiong Liao;Wei He;Qingmin Sun;Jinhong Du
Polymer Composites 2009 Volume 30( Issue 4) pp:365-373
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pc.20561
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were successfully functionalized with phthalazinone-containing diamine (DHPZDA) groups by the amidation reaction. The morphologies and structures of the DHPZDA-functionalized MWNT (MWNT-DHPZDA) were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopy, revealing that the DHPZDA were covalently attached onto the surface of MWNT, and the weight gain due to the functionalization was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The MWNT-DHPZDA/poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)s (PPESK) composites with different filler content were prepared by the solution-mixing method. MWNT-DHPZDA can be uniformly dispersed in the matrix and the strong interfacial adhesion between two constituents was found, which resulted in obvious enhancements of the mechanical properties. For the composite with 1 wt% MWNT-DHPZDA, the tensile strength and the Young's modulus are 102.1 and 1,974 MPa, about 1.65 and 1.72 times of the pure PPESK, respectively. Conductivity measurements indicate that a typical percolation transition behavior takes place for MWNT-DHPZDA content in the range from 0.5 to 2 wt%. Additionally, introducing MWNT-DHPZDA into PPESK is favorable to improvement of the thermal stability. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Co-reporter:Liang Zheng;Gong-Xiong Liao;Tie-Sheng Gu;Yong-Jin Han;Xi-Gao Jian
Polymer Composites 2009 Volume 30( Issue 12) pp:1842-1847
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pc.20757
Abstract
Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) is a novel high performance thermoplastic with outstanding high temperature resistance and excellent mechanical properties and therefore, it is a very ideal candidate matrix for advanced composites. However, its high melting viscosity makes the melting process difficult. In this article, two well-known high performance thermoplastics, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyethersulfone (PES) were introduced to PPESK in order to reduce the melting viscosity of PPESK and to improve the properties of composites. The effect of addition of PEI and PES on the resultant composites was studied. A series of unidirectional composites were made of PPESK and its PEI and PES blends as matrix and continuous carbon fiber (T700) as reinforcement. The solution prepregging method and hot-press molding method were used in preparation of composites. The effects of polymer blends matrix on mechanical properties, interfacial adhesion, and fracture mode were studied by three points bending, interlaminar shearing, porosity, and scanning electron microscope test. The results show that the mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion increases, and the porosity decrease after blending PEI or PES in the matrix. Addition of PEI and PES to PPESK results in an obvious transition of fracture mode. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Co-reporter:Chun Yan;Shouhai Zhang;Cheng Liu;Daling Yang;Fajie Yang
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2009 Volume 113( Issue 3) pp:1389-1397
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.30143
Abstract
Positively charged quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (QAPPESK) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared from chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) by the dye/wet phase inversion method with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvents. The effects of the ratio of NMP to DMAc, the evaporation time, the evaporation temperature, and the coagulation temperature on membrane performance were evaluated by the orthogonal design method. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions were an NMP/DMAc ratio of 2/8, an evaporation time of 5 min at 70°C, and a coagulation temperature lower than 5°C. The effects of the additive type and concentration on the QAPPESK NF membrane cross-section morphology and performance were investigated in detail. Furthermore, QAPPESK NF membranes exhibited good thermal stability with stable membrane performance for 120 h at 60°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Cheng Liu, Hongxin Zhou, Jinyan Wang, Encheng Lin, Xigao Jian
Polymer 2009 50(19) pp: 4520-4528
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.030
Co-reporter:Guipeng Yu, Jinyan Wang, Cheng Liu, Encheng Lin, Xigao Jian
Polymer 2009 50(7) pp: 1700-1708
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.02.008
Co-reporter:Dongbo Xing, Shouhai Zhang, Chunxiang Yin, Chun Yan, Xigao Jian
Materials Science and Engineering: B 2009 Volume 157(1–3) pp:1-5
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2008.11.019
Chloromethylated poly (phthalazione ether sulfone) (CMPPES) material was prepared with chloromethyl ether as chloromethylating regent and sulfuric acid as solvent. The effect of chloromethyl ether quantity on the chlorinity degree of chloromethylation (DCM) of CMPPES was investigated. DCM of CMPPES was in the range of 1.94–2.89 mmol/g. CMPPES were identified with 1H NMR and TGA. Compared with PPES, the thermal stability of CMPPES decreases obviously. The CMPPES was dissolved in NMP (10 wt%) and cast on glass to form a membrane. The final anion exchange membranes were prepared by soaking CMPPES in trimethylatine (33%) to aminate. Ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water content, dimensional stability and membrane area resistance of the anion exchange membranes were investigated. It was found that IEC of final anion exchange membrane was between 1.38 and 2.12 mmol/g, and water content of anion exchange membrane increased with an increase of IEC, however, dimensional stability and area resistance of membranes for 2 M VOSO4 in 3 M H2SO4 solution decreased. The area resistance was lower than Nafion112.
Co-reporter:Chunrui Wu, Shouhai Zhang, Cheng Liu, Daling Yang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2008 Volume 311(1–2) pp:360-370
Publication Date(Web):20 March 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.12.046
Thermostable asymmetric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether amide) (PPEA), a novel polymer with excellent thermal stability. The effects of polymer concentration, the type and amount of additive, evaporation time, the temperature of the coagulant bath on the morphology and performance of the membranes were studied in detail. Ultrafiltration membranes with rejection capacity in the range of PEG2000–PEG20000 and with pure water flux of 43–695 L m−2 h−1 were obtained, when tested at 25 °C, 0.1 MPa. PPEA UF membrane was applied in the desalination–concentration experiment for the raw products of four newly synthesized dyes. The flux increased obviously as the operation pressure or temperature enhanced, while the rejection for dyes was kept over 99.7% at the same time. The dye purification experiment was effectively accomplished at 0.3 MPa, 80 °C. Only after three rounds of experiment, about 210 min, the salt mixed in dye solutions was fully removed. During five rounds of experiment at 80 °C, the rejection for dyes was constant and kept over 99.7%. The initial flux of the fifth round was about 260 L m−2 h−1, which was only 10 L m−2 h−1 lower than that of the first round.
Co-reporter:Xintao Zhang, Gongxiong Liao, Qifeng Jin, Xuebin Feng, Xigao Jian
Tribology International 2008 Volume 41(Issue 3) pp:195-201
Publication Date(Web):March 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.triboint.2007.08.003
Novel poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) resins have become of great interest in applications such as bearing and slider materials. In this paper, dry sliding wear of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite-filled PPESK composites against polished steel counterparts were investigated on a block-on-ring apparatus at the same sliding velocities and different loads. The results indicated that the addition of 5–25 wt% PTFE and 5–30 wt% graphite contribute to an obvious improvement of tribological performance of PPESK at room temperature. Worn surfaces were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the PPESK composites decreased gradually with addition of fillers. A moderately low friction coefficient and specific wear rate were reached when the filler contents were above 20 wt%. The mechanical properties of PPESK composites were also investigated. The tensile and impact strength of PPESK composites decrease slightly as the addition of fillers contents were below 15 wt%.
Co-reporter:Qingmin Sun, Jinyan Wang, Kejia Jin, Guixian Su, Guanghui Li and Xigao Jian
Polymer Journal 2008 40(1) pp:46-49
Publication Date(Web):November 20, 2007
DOI:10.1295/polymj.PJ2007112
A novel thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(aryl ether ketones) copolymer containing phthalazinone moiety and biphenyl mesogen named P-5050 was developed by a mild solution polycondensation reaction. The thermotropic liquid crystalline properties were characterized by the means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and wide-angel X-ray diffraction (WAXD). A thread-like texture was achieved when P-5050 was annealed at 320 °C for 1 h, and a typical schlieren texture was observed when shear forces were induced at that temperature. The crystalline-to-liquid crystalline transition (Tm) and the liquid crystalline-to-isotropic phase transition (Ti) appeared in both the first cooling and second heating DSC thermograms. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was 160 °C and the value for 5% weight loss temperature was 510 °C in nitrogen from DSC and TGA determinations, respectively.
Co-reporter:Chun Yan;Shouhai Zhang;Daling Yang
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2008 Volume 107( Issue 3) pp:1809-1816
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.27226
Abstract
Chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (CMPPESK) as a novel membrane material was successfully prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone), with concentrated sulfuric acid as the solvent and catalyst, and chloromethyl octyl ether with lower toxicity as the chloromethylated regent. The effects of the reaction conditions on the preparation of CMPPESKs with different degrees of chloromethylation were examined. The quantity of chloromethyl groups per repeated unit (DCM) of CMPPESK was determined by the method of analysis of the chlorine element, and structures were characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The introduction of chloromethyl groups into the polymer chains led to a decrease in the decomposition temperature. With increasing DCM, the initial degradation temperature declined. CMPPESK had good solubility and was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and chloroform. However, quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (QAPPESK) had excellent solvent resistance, was only partly soluble in sulfuric acid (98%), and was swollen in N,N-dimethylformamide. QAPPESK nanofiltration (NF) membranes had about 90% rejection for MgCl2, and the performance of the NF membrane prepared with DMAc as the solvent was superior to that of the NF membrane prepared with NMP as the solvent. In addition, the rejection to the different salt solutions followed the following sequence: MgCl2 > MgSO4 > NaCl > Na2SO4. Furthermore, the thermotolerance of the QAPPESK NF membrane was examined, and the results show that when the solution temperature rose from 11 to 90°C, the water flux increased more than threefold with stable salt rejection. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Co-reporter:Yajuan Xu;Gongxiong Liao;Tiesheng Gu;Liang Zheng
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2008 Volume 110( Issue 4) pp:2253-2260
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/app.28741
Abstract
A series of blends have been prepared by adding a novel thermoplastic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) in varying proportions to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) cured with p-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). All the blends showed two-phase structures characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Addition of the PPESK resulted in great enhancement of glass transition temperatures (Tg) both in the epoxy-rich phase and in the PPESK-rich phase by reason of the special structure of PPESK. There was moderate increase in the fracture toughness as estimated by impact strength. Fracture mechanisms such as crack deflection and branches, ductile microcracks, ductile tearing of the thermoplastic, and local plastic deformation of the matrix were responsible for the increase in the fracture toughness of the blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Co-reporter:Li Ming Dong, Gong Xiong Liao, Ming Jing Wang, Xi Gao Jian
Chinese Chemical Letters 2008 Volume 19(Issue 2) pp:230-232
Publication Date(Web):February 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2007.11.006
Block copolymers with different backbone compositions have been prepared by the condensation of dimethylamino terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and hydroquinone terminated poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile) (PPEN) in the presence of chlorobenzene/N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvents. The products were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that the block copolymers showed separated microphase.
Co-reporter:Li Hong Xiao, Cheng Liu, Xi Gao Jian
Chinese Chemical Letters 2008 Volume 19(Issue 2) pp:227-229
Publication Date(Web):February 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2007.11.005
A novel series of poly(aryl ether sulfone ketone)s (PPESKs) containing phthalazinone and biphenyl moieties were prepared by two-step nucleophilic polycondensation reaction. The M¯w values of these copolymers were between 38,330 and 67,900. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) and 5% decomposition temperatures were ranged in 253–269 °C and 488–500 °C, respectively, The structures of these copolymers were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. Moreover, all the resultant copolymers were amorphous determined by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD).
Co-reporter:Zhao Jin, Da Ling Yang, Shou Hai Zhang, Xi Gao Jian
Chinese Chemical Letters 2008 Volume 19(Issue 3) pp:367-370
Publication Date(Web):March 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2007.12.029
New hydrophobic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) hollow fiber composite membranes were obtained by surface-coated modification method.
Co-reporter:Y.F. Liang, X.L. Zhu, X.G. Jian
Solid State Ionics 2008 Volume 179(33–34) pp:1940-1945
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.ssi.2008.05.003
In this work, sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone)/boron phosphate (SPPENK/BPO4) composite membranes with BPO4 content from 10 to 30 wt.% were prepared from SPPENK matrix, tripropylborate (C3H7O)3B and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) via an in situ process. The composite membranes were characterized using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and TGA, which revealed the interaction between the sulfonic acid groups of SPPENK and BPO4. The SPPENK/BPO4 composite membranes showed excellent thermal, oxidative and hydrolytic stabilities. The swelling ratios of composite membranes were about 5.0%, which was similar to that of SPPENK membrane. Proton conductivity of the composite membranes was studied under 100% relative humidity conditions up to 95 °C. A five-fold increase in proton conductivity was observed for the composite membrane with 30 wt.% BPO4.
Co-reporter:Xuebin Feng;Gongxiong Liao;Jinhong Du;Liming Dong;Kejia Jin
Polymer Engineering & Science 2008 Volume 48( Issue 5) pp:1007-1014
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/pen.21028
Abstract
Nickel-coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ni-MWNT) were prepared by electroless deposition with ultrasonic vibrations. The morphologies and components were characterized by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Two types of fillers, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and Ni-MWNT, were blended with poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)s (PPESK) by the solution-mixing method, respectively. The electrical conductivity and microwave absorbing properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that Ni-MWNT/PPESK composites have relatively lower electrical resistivity values than MWNT/PPESK, and in both cases the decrease in electrical resistivity indicates a similar percolation transition behavior in the same MWNT content region. Moreover, as MWNT loading is 5 parts per hundred parts of resin (phr), Ni-MWNT/PPESK composite has the wider frequency region (9.5–13.5 GHz) of the reflection loss (RL) less than −10 dB and the lower minimum value of RL (−27.5 dB) compared with MWNT/PPESK. The better microwave absorption properties can be attributed to the improved dielectric and magnetic properties of the fillers. A good correlation between electrical conductivity and microwave absorption was found for MWNT/PPESK composites. In addition, tensile test and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that introducing Ni-MWNT into PPESK is favorable for the improvement of the mechanical properties and high temperature stability of the composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Co-reporter:Qifeng Jin;Gongxiong Liao;Xuebin Feng
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 2008 Volume 46( Issue 2) pp:
Publication Date(Web):2008 May
DOI:10.1007/s10971-008-1696-1
Organic–inorganic poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK)/SiO2 hybrid composite thin films were prepared by the dip-coating method on pre-cleaned glass substrates. The covalent bonds between organic and inorganic phases were introduced by an in-situ O-acylation reaction of isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICPTES) with the borohydride-reduced PPEK forming a polymer bearing triethoxysilyl groups. Theses groups were subsequently hydrolyzed with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and allowed to form a network via a sol–gel process. The polymer hybrid composite exhibited good thermal stability and a higher glass transition temperature as compared with the pure resin. Atomic force microscope, water contact angle measurement and scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the polymer hybrid thin films. The tribological experiment showed that the films have very low friction coefficient (about 0.1) and good anti-wear properties, without failure even after sliding for 18,000 s under modest loads. The improved tribological properties of the modified substrate were attributed to good adherence of PPEK/SiO2 hybrid films on the substrate and synergy of both PPEK matrix and silica particles.
Co-reporter:Chunrui Wu;Shouhai Zhang;Fajie Yang
Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2008 Volume 2( Issue 4) pp:402-406
Publication Date(Web):2008 December
DOI:10.1007/s11705-008-0063-7
The novel thermal stable composite nanofiltration membranes were prepared through the interfacial polymerization of piperazine and trimesoyl chloride on the poly (phthalazinone ether) ultrafiltration substrate. The effects of polymerization and testing conditions on membrane performance were studied. The surface morphologies of the substrate and the composite membranes were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The separation properties of membranes for dyes and salts were tested. The composite membranes show good thermal stability. The rejection for Na2SO4 was kept over 96%, while the flux reached 400 L·m−2·h−1 when it was tested at 1.0 MPa and 80°C. When tested at 1.0 MPa and 60°C, the rejection of the composite membrane for dyes was kept at high level, and the flux reached 180–210 L·m−2·h−1, while the rejection for NaCl was lower than 20%.
Co-reporter:Fajie Yang, Shouhai Zhang, Daling Yang, Xigao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2007 Volume 301(1–2) pp:85-92
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.009
A modified interfacial polymerization procedure suitable for preparing hollow fiber composite membrane was developed. By this modified procedure, a new hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membrane with high permeability was prepared by interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) aqueous solution and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) hexane solution. The selective layer was synthesized on the inner surface of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane. The effects of preparation conditions (such as concentration of the monomers, residence time of monomer solutions, etc.) on the performance of the hollow fiber composite membranes were studied. When tested at 0.35 MPa, room temperature, the hollow fiber composite membrane had a Na2SO4 rejection of 99.0% and a flux of about 45 L/m2 h. The rejections for MgSO4, NaCl, MgCl2, glucose, sucrose and raffinose were 72.1%, 26.8%, 9.6%, 53.9%, 99.1% and 99.8%, respectively. The composite membrane showed good stability in the long-term running. The morphologies of the hollow fiber membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Co-reporter:Zhao Jin, Da Ling Yang, Shou Hai Zhang, Xi Gao Jian
Journal of Membrane Science 2007 Volume 306(1–2) pp:253-260
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.08.044
Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were made by using a dry-jet wet spinning process. The influences of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) additive on thermodynamic and rheological variation of the casting system, the morphology and the performance of membranes were investigated. The results showed that the addition of PVP in the casting solution changed the thermodynamics balance and viscosity of casting system. The retention for bovine serum albumin (BSA) of the membrane decreased with the concentration of PVP. The flux showed a non-linear relationship with the concentration of PVP, and the flux reached the maximum value of 361 L m−2 h−1. When the concentration of PVP was at 2 wt%. The effects of the following hypochlorite treatment on the morphology and the performance of membranes were also evaluated. The hypochlorite treatment altered the morphology and the performance of PPESK UF membranes by leaching of PVP from the membrane. The results showed that the flux of treated membrane was improved 15% than untreated one.
Co-reporter:Pengtao Liu;Cheng Liu
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007 Volume 104(Issue 5) pp:2807-2811
Publication Date(Web):28 FEB 2007
DOI:10.1002/app.24577
A series of novel copolyamides were synthesized by the direct polycondensation of 1,2-dihydro-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4-[3-chloro-4-(4-carboxyphenoxyl)phenyl]-phthalazinone (1), terephthalic acid (TPA) with three commercial diamines. The inherent viscosities of the polyamides were between 0.82 and 1.86 dL/g. When the molar ratios of 1 and TPA were higher than 1 : 1, the polymers were soluble in some polar aprotic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone and N,N-dimethyl acetamide etc. These polymers were amorphous with 10% weight loss temperatures in N2 above 490°C and their glass transition temperatures were above 269°C. Some films of the polymers were pale yellow and transparent with tensile strengths up to 147.8 MPa, initial modulus up to 2.56 GPa and elongations at break values up to 9.8%, which depended on the repeating unit structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Co-reporter:Jiqiang Xia;Jun Zhang;Gongxiong Liao
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007 Volume 103(Issue 4) pp:2575-2580
Publication Date(Web):27 NOV 2006
DOI:10.1002/app.25192
The melt processability of phthalazinone-containing poly(aryl ether)s (PAEs) was improved through copolymerization and blending. Poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) copolymers containing phthalazinone and bisphenol-A (BPA) moieties were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution polycondensation. The PPEK copolymers exhibited high glass transition temperatures, excellent thermooxidative properties, good mechanical properties and improved solubility, all of which can be tailored by changing the molar ratio of phthalazinone to bisphenol monomers. The rheological investigation indicated that the incorporation of the flexible BPA moiety into the main chain lowered the melt viscosity of the copolymers. To improve the melt processability further, polymer blends of a PPEK copolymer/polycarbonate (PC) were prepared. The results suggested that blending is an effective approach for improving the melt processability of phthalazinone-containing PAEs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2575–2580, 2007
Co-reporter:Xi Gao Jian, Chun Yan, Hua Min Zhang, Shou Hai Zhang, Cheng Liu, Ping Zhao
Chinese Chemical Letters 2007 Volume 18(Issue 10) pp:1269-1272
Publication Date(Web):October 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2007.08.022
Chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (CMPPESK) was prepared from poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) using chloromethyl octyl ethers (CMOE) with lower toxicity as chloromethylated regent. CMPPESK was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and chloroform. Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (QAPPESK) was prepared from CMPPESK by quaternization. QAPPESK had excellent solvent resistance, which was only partly soluble in sulfuric acid (98%) and swollen in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The vanadium redox flow battery (V-RFB) using QAPPESK anion-exchange membrane had better performance with 88.3% of overall energy efficiency.
Co-reporter:Zhao Jin, Da Ling Yang, Shou Hai Zhang, Xi Gao Jian
Chinese Chemical Letters 2007 Volume 18(Issue 12) pp:1543-1547
Publication Date(Web):December 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2007.10.007
2,4-Dichlorophenol was removed from wasterwater using a new hydrophobic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) hollow fiber membrane by vacuum membrane distillation (VMD).
Co-reporter:Jinyan Wang;Qingmin Sun;Yuan Song;Lishan He;Jinyan Wang;Lishan He;Yuan Song;Qingmin Sun
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007 Volume 104(Issue 3) pp:1744-1753
Publication Date(Web):26 FEB 2007
DOI:10.1002/app.25820
A series of poly(aryl ether ketone)s (PAEK) copolymers containing phthalazinone moieties were synthesized by modest polycondensation reaction from 4-(4-hydroxyl-phenyl)-(2H)-phthalazin-1-one (DHPZ), hydroquinone (HQ), and 1,4-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene (BFBB). The Tg values of these copolymers ranged from 168 to 235°C, and the crystalline melting temperatures varied from 285 to 352°C. By introducing phthalazinone moieties into the main chain, the solubility of these copolymers was improved in some common polar organic solvents, such as chloroform (CHCl3), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), nitrobenzene (NB) and so on. The values of 5% weight loss temperatures were all higher than 510°C in nitrogen. The crystal structures of these copolymers were determined by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), which revealed that they were semicrystalline in nature, and the crystal structure of these copolymers was orthorhombic, equal to poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s. As phthalazinone content in the backbone varied from 0 to 40 mol % (mole percent), the cell parameters of these copolymers including the a, b, and c axes lengths ranged from 7.76 to 7.99 Å, 6.00 to 6.14 Å, and 10.10 to 10.19 Å, respectively. The degree of crystallinity (via differential scanning calorimetry) decreased from 37.70% to 16.14% simultaneously. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1744–1753, 2007
Co-reporter:Haitao Fu;Daling Yang;Shouhai Zhang
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007 Volume 105(Issue 2) pp:405-411
Publication Date(Web):27 MAR 2007
DOI:10.1002/app.25884
Poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) asymmetric hollow fiber membranes for gas separation were prepared by dry/wet phase inversion technique. The effects of various preparation conditions such as solvent, nonsolvent-additives(NSA), PPESK concentration, and air gap on the membrane performance were studied. The heat resistance of the PPESK hollow fiber membrane was also examined. The hollow fiber membrane prepared from solvent with stronger solubility showed low gas permeation and high O2/N2 selectivity due to the denser skin layer. Hollow fiber membrane made from PPESK/DMAc/EtOH/THF system had thicker skin layer than that made from PPESK/DMAc/GBL system with the same ratio of near-to-cloud-point of NSA, which resulted in the higher O2/N2 selectivity. Along with the increase of NSA content, the gas permeation increased and the O2/N2 selectivity decreased. The O2/N2 selectivity of hollow fiber membranes made from PPESK/DMAc/GBL and PPESK/DMAc/EtOH/THF systems were 4.9 and 4.8 respectively, when the membrane forming systems contained appropriate content of NSA. The high polymer concentration resulted in low gas permeation and high O2/N2 selectivity. When the air gap was excessively long, the membrane performance dropped because of the damage to the dense skin layer. There was no significant drop on the membrane performance when the operation temperature was elevated to 90°C. The average O2/N2 selectivity was higher than 3.0 at 70°C during a long period of 55 days' test time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Co-reporter:Pengtao Liu;Jinyan Wang;Cheng Liu
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2006 Volume 207(Issue 17) pp:1610-1615
Publication Date(Web):28 AUG 2006
DOI:10.1002/macp.200600202
Summary: A series of novel lyotropic liquid crystalline polyamides derived from 1,2-dihydro-2-(4-aminophenyl)-4-[4-(4-(aminophenoxyl)phenyl)]-phthalazinone (DHPZ-DA), p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and terephthaloyl dichloride (TPC) have been successfully synthesized by the low temperature solution polycondensation method. The copolymers obtained with inherent viscosity of ≈1.21 to 3.29 dl · g−1, determined in NMP (1 wt.-% LiCl) or concentrated H2SO4 at 25 °C, were confirmed to be amorphous by WAXD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their solubility was improved by the introduction of non-coplanar, twisted phthalazinone moieties and ether linkages into the main chain with the result that they can be soluble in some polar solvents containing a small amount of LiCl. Their Tgs were all above 310 °C and 10% weight loss temperatures in nitrogen above 500 °C. Most of these polyamides can form an anisotropic phase in concentrated H2SO4, NMP (1 wt.-% LiCl) and DMAc (1 wt.-% LiCl) solutions, observed on a polarizing light microscope.
Co-reporter:Ming-Qiang Li;Yong-Qiang Yang;Xi-Gao Jian
Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2004 Volume 22(Issue 8) pp:874-876
Publication Date(Web):26 AUG 2010
DOI:10.1002/cjoc.20040220823
A new reaction-controlled phase-transfer catalyst system, lacunary Keggin polyoxotungstate [C7H7N(CH3)3]9PW9O34 has been synthesized and used for catalytic epoxidation of olefins with H2O2 as the oxidant. Infrared spectra were used to analyze the behavior of the phase transfer of catalyst. In this system, the catalyst not only can act as homogeneous catalyst but also as heterogeneous catalyst to be easily filtered and reused. The epoxidation reaction is clean and exhibits high conversion and selectivity as well as excellent catalyst stability.
Co-reporter:Yongqiang Yang, Daling Yang, Shouhai Zhang, Fajie Yang, Xigao Jian
Desalination (5 April 2007) Volume 208(Issues 1–3) pp:49-61
Publication Date(Web):5 April 2007
DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.074
In this study polyaluminum chloride (PAC) has a high Alb content, 80.1%. It was the most efficient species of PAC. PAC was synthesized with a membrane reactor which made of a hollow-fiber (HF) ultrafiltration membrane (UFM). The UFM was made from PPESK, a novel membrane material with properties of excellent thermal, chemical and mechanical stability. In this reactor, a sodium hydroxide solution permeated slowly through the microspores of HF UFM into AlCl3 wastewater. Because the alkali drop size was reduced to nano-scale, it is beneficial to bring a dramatic reduction of localized super-saturation and enhancement of the Alb quantity. The purpose of the study is to prepare liquid PAC utilizing the aluminum chloride wastewater as a raw material through a membrane reactor system and to evaluate the performance by using an orthogonal array of the design of experiments (OADE) on the sedimentation to four different dyestuffs: Titan Yellow, Methyl Orange, Food Yellow and Procion Red. The results show that PAC prepared by the membrane reactor has higher Alb and better flocculation properties to different dyestuffs than the commercial PAC, whose average sedimentation can exceed 96%.
Co-reporter:Shanshan Guan, Shouhai Zhang, Runlin Han, Bengui Zhang, Xigao Jian
Desalination (3 June 2013) Volume 318() pp:56-63
Publication Date(Web):3 June 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.018
•SPPBES was firstly used as the active layer material for composite NF membranes.•The additive LiCl can improve the performance of SPPBES membrane.•The composite membrane has excellent thermal stability and chlorine resistance.Thin composite nanofiltration membranes with improved thermal stability were prepared by coating sulfonated copoly (phthalazinone biphenyl ether sulfone) (SPPBES) on poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) ultrafiltration support membranes. The effects of polymer concentration, degree of sulfonation of SPPBES, crosslinking agent, curing treatment temperature and curing time on the performance of composite membranes were investigated. The membrane prepared under the optimum condition exhibited a permeate flux of 73 L/m2h and 84% rejection of Na2SO4 at 1.0 MPa and 20 °C. Moreover, these membranes showed good stability against chemical attack and high tolerance to chlorine. When the temperature of feed solution increased from 20 to 90 °C, solution permeate flux increased three-fold while the rejection of the membrane decreased by 2%.
Co-reporter:Junnan Han, Daling Yang, Shouhai Zhang, Lijiu Wang, Xigao Jian
Desalination (1 October 2014) Volume 350() pp:95-101
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.029
•A novel SPPES/PPES hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membrane was prepared.•The stability test of SPPES/PPES composite membranes had been evaluated for about 200 h.•The back-washing operation proved that the SPPES coating layer had good stability.Sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone)/poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) (SPPES/PPES) hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membrane was prepared by coating a SPPES layer on top of the PPES hollow fibers via the dip-coating method. Effects of the composition of coating solution and preparation conditions as well as the operating conditions on the performance of the SPPES/PPES composite membrane (CM) were investigated. It was found that an optimum rejection ratio of CM1 for 1000 mg/L Na2SO4 solution was 93.6%, and the pure water flux was 8.7 L/(m2·h) under an operating pressure of 0.35 MPa at 20 °C. The flux of CM1 can be up to 58 L/(m2·h) with the operating temperature increased from 20 °C to 90 °C, while the rejection for 1000 mg/L Na2SO4 solution only had a slight change at the pressure of 1.0 MPa. Furthermore, a short time stability measurement for about 200 h proved that the SPPES/PPES composite membrane had much better performance at a high operating temperature. Finally, a back-washing method was used to clean the pollution substances after the stability measurement, and performance of the composite membrane almost reached the initial value with the hydraulic washing time of 20 min at 50 °C under the pressure of 0.3 MPa.
Co-reporter:Zhihuan Weng, Jinyan Wang, Shouhai Zhang, Chun Yan, Xigao Jian
Applied Catalysis A: General (1 May 2008) Volume 339(Issue 2) pp:145-150
Publication Date(Web):1 May 2008
DOI:10.1016/j.apcata.2008.01.015
Co-reporter:Shouhai Zhang, Bengui Zhang, Dongbo Xing and Xigao Jian
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013 - vol. 1(Issue 39) pp:NaN12254-12254
Publication Date(Web):2013/08/12
DOI:10.1039/C3TA11541K
Poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) anion exchange membranes with pyridinium as anion exchange groups (PyPPEKK) were prepared by reacting chloromethylated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) membranes with pyridine in solution. The reaction conditions including diluent solvents, pyridine concentration, reaction time and temperature were investigated. Under the optimized reaction condition, PyPPEKK anion exchange membranes with IEC values in the range of 0.96–1.55 mmol g−1 and water uptake in the range of 10.2–16.5% were obtained. The swelling ratio of PyPPEKK membranes in deionized water and VOSO4 solution were in the range of 3.2–10.6% and 2.5–7.8%, respectively. PyPPEKK membranes showed good chemical stability in VO2+ solution. Notably, PyPPEKK membranes had higher coulombic efficiencies of VRB and much lower vanadium permeability compared with Nafion117 membrane. The energy efficiency of VRB with PyPPEKK membrane reached 83.6% at 80 mA cm−2 while the energy efficiency of VRB with Nafion117 membrane was 80.7% at the same charge–discharge current density. Furthermore, PyPPEKK membrane exhibited good performance in the 100-cycle charge–discharge VRB test.
Co-reporter:Shouhai Zhang, Bengui Zhang, Guangfang Zhao and Xigao Jian
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014 - vol. 2(Issue 9) pp:NaN3091-3091
Publication Date(Web):2013/11/28
DOI:10.1039/C3TA14503D
A series of heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing 3,5-dimethyl phthalazinone moieties were synthesized via the copolymerization of 4-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)(2H)-phthalazin-1-one and 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone. The resulting polymers were brominated with N-bromosuccinimide as the bromination reagent. Brominated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (BPPEK) with a degree of substitution in the range of 0.48–0.82 was obtained. Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membranes (QBPPEK) were prepared from BPPEK membranes with trimethylamine as the amination reagent. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) values of the QBPPEK membranes were in the range of 0.82–1.53 mmol g−1. Compared with Nafion117 membrane, QBPPEK membranes showed much lower vanadium permeability. Coulombic efficiencies of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) with QBPPEK membranes were higher than that with the Nafion117 membrane. The energy efficiency of the VRB increased with an increase in the IEC of the QBPPEK membrane. The energy efficiency of the VRB cell with the QBPPEK membrane having an IEC of 1.53 mmol g−1 was 88%, which was higher than that of the cell with the Nafion117 membrane. During 100 charge–discharge cycles, the QBPPEK anion exchange membrane showed a stable performance.
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![Poly[oxy(2-cyano-1,3-phenylene)oxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl]](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/94200/94196-53-9_b.png)
![4-[4-[4-(3,4-DICYANOPHENOXY)PHENYL]PHENOXY]BENZENE-1,2-DICARBONITRILE](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/38800/38791-69-4.png)
![4-[4-[4-(3,4-DICYANOPHENOXY)PHENYL]PHENOXY]BENZENE-1,2-DICARBONITRILE](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/38800/38791-69-4_b.png)
